London King's Cross Railway Station

Over view
King's Cross (also Kings Cross) is an inner city area of London, England, 2.5 miles (4.8 km) north of Charing Cross. It is the location and namesake of King's Cross railway station, one of the major gateways into London from the North. It was also heavly populated and importent beck in the 1850s. Formerly a red light district, the area has been regenerated since the mid-1990s with the terminus of the Eurostar rail service at St Pancras International opening in 2007 and the construction of King's Cross Central, a major redevelopment in the north of the area.

King's Cross railway station is a major London railway terminus which opened in 1852 on the northern edge of central London.

King's Cross is the southern terminus of the East Coast Main Line, providing high speed inter-city services toYorkshire, the North East and Scotland. Virgin Trains East Coast is the main inter-city operator with destinations including Leeds, Newcastle and Edinburgh. Other inter-city operators serving the station include Hull Trains and Grand Central services. King's Cross is also a terminus for  Great Northern which provides commuter services to  North London,  Hertfordshire, Cambridgeshire,  Bedfordshire and  Norfolk. Immediately to the west across Pancras Road is  St Pancras International, the London terminus of  Eurostar services to continental Europe. The two stations share  King's Cross St. Pancras tube station on the  London Underground network and taken together form one of Britain's biggest transport hubs. The station is 820 yards (750 m) north-east of  Euston, the southern terminus for the  West Coast Main Line.

The railway station and related railway line have been owned by the firstly the Great Northern Railway (GNR) (1852–1923), then the London and North Eastern Railway (LNER) (1923–1948), the London, Midland and Scottish Railway (1923–1947), British Railways (1948–1994), Railtrack (1994–2001) and Network Rail (2001–present)..

Founding
King's Cross was built in 1851–1852 as the London hub of the Great Northern Railway and terminus of the East Coast main line. It took its name from the King's Cross area of London, which was named after a monument to King George IV that was demolished in 1845. Construction was on the site of a fever and smallpox hospital and it replaced a temporary terminus at Maiden Lane that had opened on 7 August 1850.

Plans for the station were first made in December 1848 under the direction of George Turnbull, resident engineer for construction of the first 20 miles (32 km) of the Great Northern Railway out of London.[7][8] The detailed design was by Lewis Cubitt, the brother of both Thomas Cubitt (the architect of Bloomsbury, Belgravia and Osborne House), and of Sir William Cubitt (who was chief engineer of The Crystal Palace built in 1851, and consulting engineer to the Great Northern and South Eastern Railways). The design is magnificent in its simplicity, being based on two great arched train sheds, with a brick structure at the south end designed to reflect the main arches behind. In size, it was inspired by the 200 yards (180 m) long Moscow Riding Academy of 1825, which it handsomely exceeded at 269 yards (246 m). At the time King's Cross station was the last word in functional modernity. Lewis Cubitt was also responsible for the design of the Great Northern Hotel (see below), and the 1847 cast-iron railway bridge over the River Nene at Peterborough.

The main part of the station, which today includes platforms 1 to 8, was opened on 14 October 1852. The platforms have been reconfigured several times. Originally there was only one arrival and one departure platform (today's platforms 1 and 8 respectively), with the space between used for carriage sidings. As suburban traffic grew additional platforms were added in the 1860s and 1870s with considerably less grandeur. The suburban station building now containing platforms 9–11 is from that era.

Great Northern traines called at Kings Cross York Road, then went througha tunnel, into Farringdon, Barbican, then the former Kings Cross Met (the non LUL plaforms being the now closed KX Thameslink), and finaly running to Moorgate via the 'Widened Lines' (AKA: the Thameslink route)The returned via Kings Cross Met, Barbican and Farringdon, without stopping at Kings Cross Met, and called at platform 16 at Kings Cross station. King's Cross York Road Platform closed in 1976 and the line was closed in 1979. The Moorgate trains then become part of the new Thameslink servace to Kentish Town in 1986.

Kings Cross Goods Yard incorporated the two main-line railway termini on the Euston Road, used by Kings Cross Station and St Pancras. It was first laid out by the Great Northern Railway Company in the early 1850s.

WW1
Traffic was heavy, especially with troop and supply trains.

The 'Beeching Axe'
It was advised that the track layout should be revised, platforms shortened and York Road's small island platform was to be scrapped. The station was conciderd to be a bit innificant at the time.

Redeveloping Kings Cross Goods Yard and station
Kings Cross Goods Yard incorporated the two main-line railway termini on the Euston Road, used by Kings Cross Station and St Pancras. Maiden lane (now York Road) goods depot was built in 1850 by the GN. It was first fully laid out by the Great Northern Railway Company (GN) in the early 1850s, but exspanded slightly in the 1870s, 1880s, 1890s early 1920s, late 1930s and late 1940s.

The sprawling mass of some 58 areas of warehouses, sheds, stables, abandoned turntables, offices and sidings chosen for redevelopment by British Rail in 1986. The ambitious proposals for the redevelopment by the London Regeneration Consortium were abandoned after the over-inflated property market collapsed in the late 1980's. When St Pancras the site for the international terminal for the Channel Tunnel high-speed rail link plans were reviewed. Selective recording of the area and some of the buildings was carried out by the RCHME recorded a selection of the buildings between 1990 and 1999 in the Kings Cross redevelopment area record.

In 1972, a single-storey extension designed in-house by British Rail was built on to the front of the station to contain the main passenger concourse and ticket office. Although intended to be temporary, it still stood 40 years later, obscuring the Grade I-listed façade of the original station. Before the extension was built, the façade was hidden behind a small terrace of shops. The extension was demolished in late 2012, revealing once again the Lewis Cubitt architecture. In its place, the 75,000 sq ft King's Cross Square was created, which was opened to the public on 26 September 2013. Many of the train stabling sidings were then upgraded and the worn out older parts removed.

In 1991 British Rail proposed a new station under King's Cross, with four platforms for international trains through the Channel Tunnel, and four for Thameslink trains, with some commuter trains to be diverted to St Pancras. These plans were abandoned in favour of the international trains using a new terminal at St Pancras.

IRA bomb
On 10 September 1973, a Provisional IRA bomb exploded in the booking hall at 12.24, causing extensive damage and injuring six people, some seriously. The 3 lb (1.4 kg) device was thrown without warning by a youth who escaped into the crowd and was not caught.

Life today
A new platform, numbered 0, was opened in 2010. To the east of platform 1, it created capacity for Network Rail to achieve a phased refurbishment of platforms 1–8 that includes new lifts to a new footbridge between the platforms. By 2013 the entire station will have been restored and transformed. The restoration project was awarded a European Union Prize for Cultural Heritage / Europa Nostra Award in 2013.

Famous trains
A number of famous trains have been associated with King's Cross, such as the Flying Scotsman service to Edinburgh, and the Gresley A3 and later streamlined A4 Pacific steam locomotives, which handled express services from the 1930s until the early 1960s. The most famous of these was Mallard, which still holds the world speed record for steam locomotives (set in 1938).

Bus services
London bus routes 10, 17, 30, 45, 46, 59, 63, 73, 91, 205, 214, 259, 390, 476 and night routes N63, N73 and N91 pass in front of or at the side of the station.

Platforms
12 for public use (0 to 11), 2 for stabling locos (12 and 13) and the former York Road Station next to it (14).

Over view
Maiden lane (now York Road) goods depot was built in 1850. Between 1863 and 1976, part of King's Cross was an independent intermediate station. It opened in 1879 and was accessed by a stairway from from York road. It was on the extreme east of the site was King's Cross York Road, with suburban trains from Finsbury Park calling here, then using the relatively narrow, sharply curved, and sharply graded York Road Tunnel to join the City Widened Lines to Farringdon, Barbican and Moorgate. In the other direction, trains from Moorgate came off the Widened Lines via the Hotel Curve, with platform 16 (latterly renumbered 14) rising to the main-line level. The GN suburban services run from Moorgate to Welwyn, Hatfild and Herford North or across London via the Snow Hill Tunnel.

Services to and from Moorgate were diverted via the Northern City Line from August 1976.

History


The 'Beeching Axe' advised that the track layout should be revised, mainline station platforms shortened and York Road's small island platform was to be scrapped to leave only the main roadside one. The line between Kentish Town and Moorgate was renamed the Moorgate Line when the line through Snow Hill Tunnel was reinstated for Thameslink.

Future plans
There are none since it was mostly levveled and built on, with the remnants nearest the bricked up tunnels used to store railway workmens' equipment.

Bus connections

 * 17
 * 59
 * 259
 * 10
 * 45
 * N63
 * 91
 * 390
 * 63
 * N91

History
The first underground station at King's Cross opened as part of the original section of the Metropolitan Railway in 1863 and was rearranged in 1868 and 1926. In 1940 Metropolitan Railway services (today's Metropolitan, Circle and Hammersmith and City line services) ceased to call at the station's 2 London Underground platforms due to bomb damage. New platforms for the sub-surface lines of the Underground were opened about 400 m (440 yd) to the west in 1941 to make interchanging between the sub-surface lines and the tube lines easier

The 2 1868 platforms later became the former King's Cross Thameslink station, which closed on 9 December 2007 when the Thameslink service moved to St Pancras International. One of the platforms may be seen from Underground trains between the present station and Farringdon.

The King's Cross fire of 1987, in which 31 people died, was at King's Cross St Pancras Underground station.

Over view


The Widened Lines (also known as the City Widened Lines), officially called the Thameslink Core Route by Network Railas a part of the Thameslink Programme, is the name of a railway line that now forms a section of the Thameslink route from King's Cross to Farringdon within central London. For most of its life the line ran from King's Cross to Moorgate, and it was completed in 1866 when the Metropolitan Railway was widened from two to four tracks between King's Cross and Farringdon and a four-track railway opened from there to Moorgate.

The tracks were owned by the Metropolitan Railway but were used mainly by other railway companies. Connections to theGreat Northern Railway (GNR) at King's Cross and London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR) at Farringdon allowed cross-London services to run. There was very soon a connection to the Midland Railway at St Pancras, near King's Cross. In the early 20th century competition meant the cross London services died, although the GNR and Midland services into Moorgate survived. In 1976 the former GNR services were diverted via the Northern City Line to Moorgate, and in 1988 the cross-London route reopened for Thameslink. The line east of Farringdon closed in 2009 to allow the platforms at Farringdon to be extended to take 12-car trains.

The line between Kentish Town and Moorgate was renamed the Moorgate Line when the line through Snow Hill Tunnel was reinstated for Thameslink.

History


Great Northern trains called at Kings Cross York Road, then went througha tunnel, into Farringdon, Barbican, then the former Kings Cross Met'\Metropolitan (the non-LUL platforms being the now closed KX Thameslink), and finally running to Moorgate via the 'Widened Lines' (AKA: the Thameslink route). The returned via Kings Cross Met, Barbican and Farringdon, without stopping at Kings Cross Met', and called at platform 16 at Kings Cross station.

The first underground station at King's Cross opened as part of the original section of the Metropolitan Railway in 1863 and was rearranged in 1868 and 1926. In 1940 Metropolitan Railway services (today's Metropolitan, Circle and Hammersmith and City line services) ceased to call at the station due to bomb damage. New platforms for the sub-surface lines of the Underground were opened about 400 m (440 yd) to the west in 1941 to make interchanging between the sub-surface lines and the tube lines easier; the 1868 platforms later became the former King's Cross Thameslink station, which closed on 9 December 2007 when the Thameslink service moved to St Pancras International. One of the platforms may be seen from Underground trains between the present station and Farringdon.

King's Cross York Road Platform closed in 1976 and the line was closed in 1979. The Moorgate trains then become part of the new Thameslink service to Kentish Town in 1986.

In 1991 British Rail proposed a new station under King's Cross, with four platforms for international trains through the Channel Tunnel, and four for Thameslink trains, with some commuter trains to be diverted to St Pancras. These plans were abandoned in favor of the international trains using a new terminal at St Pancras.

Bus connections

 * 4
 * 8
 * 11
 * 15
 * 17
 * 23
 * 25
 * 26
 * 45
 * 46
 * 56
 * 63
 * 76
 * 100
 * 172
 * 242
 * 521

Snow Hill Tunnel (London)


Snow Hill Tunnel is a railway tunnel on the northern edge of the City of London between City Thameslink and Farringdon stations. The tunnel runs beneath the Smithfield meat market and was constructed using the cut and cover method immediately prior to the building of the market. The tunnel opened on 1 January 1866 to help the railways cros under London, like the underground lines did and still do.

Snow Hill tunnel was constructed by the London, Chatham and Dover Railway (LC&DR) to connect its tracks from the Ludgate Viaduct to those of the recently opened Metropolitan Railway's Widened Lines south of Farringdon station. To the north-west, the Widened Lines in turn connected to the tracks of the Great Northern Railway at King's Cross and the Midland Railway at St Pancras via tunnels running beneath the two main line termini. Snow Hill tunnel thus provided the crucial link in the only north-south railway route through central London, enabling cross London passenger and goods services to be run by a number of main line railway companies.

When first opened the tunnel had an additional eastwards connection to the Metropolitan Railway's tracks, enabling trains from the south to also serve Aldersgate (now Barbican) and Moorgate Street (now Moorgate) stations. The eastward curve also connected to a goods station beneath Smithfield market. The curve and the goods station are no longer in use.

A pasinger station, also named Snow Hill, was opened in the tunnel in 1874 providing an interchange with the LC&DR's adjacent terminus at Holborn Viaduct Railway Station. Snow Hill station closed in 1916 although the tunnel remained in use for goods traffic until the end of the 1960s. Tracks were lifted in 1971 and the tunnel was abandoned for fifteen years until works began in 1986 to bring the north-south route back into operation as part of the Thameslink route. New tracks were laid and services reopened in 1988.

Spelling it's name
King's Cross is seen spelt both with and without an apostrophe:


 * 1) King's Cross is used in signage at the Network Rail and London Underground stations, on the tube map and on the official Network Rail webpage. It has been used on official maps from Underground companies since 1951 – the apostrophe was used on them only very rarely before 1951.
 * 2) Kings Cross is used in the National Rail timetable database and other National Rail railway pages, and on the thetrainline.com online booking system.
 * 3) Kings X, Kings + and London KX are abbreviations used in space-limited contexts, such as on Chiltern Railway's tickets.
 * 4) KGX is the station code.

Also see

 * 1) London Euston Railway Station
 * 2) Famous buildings
 * 3) British railways and tramways from 1945 to 1990