Nuclear fallout

What 'fallout' is
Nuclear fallout, atomic fallout, arial fallout; or simply 'fallout', is the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast or a nuclear reaction conducted in an unshielded facility, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave have passed. It commonly refers to the radioactive dust and ash created when a nuclear weapon explodes, but such dust can also originate from a damaged nuclear plant. Fallout may take the form of black rain and\or pink snow (rain and snow darkened by particulates).

This radioactive dust, consisting of material either directly vaporized by a nuclear blast or charged by exposure, is a highly dangerous kind of radioactive contamination.

An air burst (that is, a nuclear detonation far above the surface) can produce low level, but regional/worldwide fallout. A ground burst (that is, a nuclear detonation on the surface of the targeted land) can produce noticeably much more severe, but local fallout.

Parts of the sea bottom may become fallout. After the Castle Bravo test, white dust—contaminated calcium oxide particles originating from pulverized and calcined corals—fell for several hours, causing beta burns and radiation exposure to the inhabitants of the nearby atolls and the crew of the Daigo Fukuryū Maru fishing boat. The scientists called the fallout "Bikini snow".

The "Ils ne sont pas touché le Pérou, mais les collines sont devenus toxiques." factor
I was a turm coined by a French sciantest in the wake of the film Dr Stangelove to point out how it would drift around the world. In this case it went fron a nuke USA and southern Canada on to the Andies Moutains (especaly in Peru) after a period of just over a month.

Strontium-90


Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air. Strontium was recognized as a new element in 1790 when Adair Crawford analyzed a mineral sample from a lead mine near Strontian, Scotland. The 90Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.90 years. It is a classic element of atomic fall out clouds and ground zero contamination.


 * 1) Symbol: Sr
 * 2) Electron configuration: [Kr] 5s2
 * 3) Melting point: 768.8 °C
 * 4) Atomic number: 38
 * 5) Atomic mass: 87.62 u ± 0.01 u
 * 6) Discovered: 1790
 * 7) Discoverer: William Cruickshank
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: 370 parts per million by weight, 87 parts per million by moles
 * 9) Abundance solar system: 50 parts per billion by weight, 0.7 parts per billion by moles
 * 10) Cost, pure: $100 per 100g
 * 11) Cost, bulk: $? per 100g

CRT computer monitor front panel made from strontium and barium oxide-containing glass. This application used to consume most of the world's production of strontium. Strontium salts are added to fireworks in order to create red colors. Strontium carbonate and other strontium salts can be added to fireworks to give a deep red colour. This is the same effect that is used to identify strontium cations using the flame test. This application consumes about 5% of the world's production. Strontium-90 (90Sr) is also used in cancer therapy. Its beta emission and long half-life is ideal for superficial radiotherapy.

Scientists are testing strontium ranelate to see if it can be taken by mouth to treat thinning bones (osteoporosis). Radioactive strontium-89 is given intravenously (by IV) for prostate cancer and advanced bone cancer. Strontium chloride hexahydrate is added to toothpaste to reduce sensitive teeth. Strontium chloride is sometimes used in toothpastes for sensitive teeth. One popular brand includes 10% total strontium chloride hexahydrate by weight.

90Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.90 years.

Strontium 91 has a half life 9.63 hours.

Strontium 92 has a half life 2.66 hours.

Strontium ltd strontiumltd.com/ is a company who's goal is to be "specialists in identifying and developing high growth potential small to medium sized companies. We focus and support these organisations to grow." It dose not use the metal or get involved in it despite of the company's name.

Polonium-210
Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. They include heaters in space probes, antistatic devices, and sources of neutrons and alpha particles.


 * 1) Symbol: Po
 * 2) Electron configuration: [Xe] 6s24f145d106p4
 * 3) Atomic number: 84
 * 4) Discovered: 1898
 * 5) Atomic mass: 209 u
 * 6) Melting point: 253.8 °C
 * 7) Discoverers: Pierre Curie, Marie Curie
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: Of the order of 1 part per quadrillion.
 * 9) Abundance solar system: negligible
 * 10) 2015 cost, pure: ? per 100g
 * 11) 2015 cost, bulk: ? per 100g

Polonium-210 is a rare radioactive metal discovered by Marie Curie in the late 19th century. It has a half-life of 138 days (about 4.5 months), decaying down to lead. During its radioactive decay, polonium-210 emits alpha particles.

Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores.

The heavy metal is also, like nearly all heavy metals, very toxic and was used in the poisoning of the Russia defector, Alexander Litvinenko.

Plutonium-239



 * 1) Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized.


 * 1) Symbol: Pu
 * 2) Atomic number: 94
 * 3) Electron configuration: [Rn] 5f67s2
 * 4) Atomic mass: 244 u
 * 5) Discovered: 1940
 * 6) Melting point: 639.4 °C
 * 7) Discoverers: Joseph W. Kennedy, Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin McMillan, Arthur Wahl
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: negligible
 * 9) Abundance solar system: unknown
 * 10) 2015 Cost, pure: $4000 per gram
 * 11) 2015 Cost, bulk: per 100g

Early pacemaker batteries also used tiny amounts of plutonium-238.

Plutonium-239 emits Alpha radiation and has a half life of 24,000 years. That is for the time from now to the middle of the Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic, Late Stone Age) era. As a heavy metal, plutonium is also toxic.

Caesium-137
Caesium or cesium is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C, which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Handling it makes it runny and it reacts heavly in water with large amounts of it explodeing in water.


 * 1) Symbol: Cs
 * 2) Melting point: 28.44 °C
 * 3) Boiling point: 670.8 °C
 * 4) Electron configuration: [Xe] 6s1
 * 5) Atomic number: 55
 * 6) Discovered: 1860
 * 7) Descovered by: Robert Bunsen and physicist Gustav Kirchhoff
 * 8) Atomic mass: 132.90545 u ± 2 × 10^-7 u
 * 9) Abundance earth’s crust: 3 parts per million by weight, 0.5 parts per million by moles
 * 10) Abundance solar system: 8 parts per billion by weight, 70 parts per trillion by moles
 * 11) 2015 cost, pure: $1100 per 100g
 * 12) Cost, bulk: $ per 100g

Since the 1990s, the largest application of the element has been as caesium formate for drilling fluids. It has a range of applications in the production of electricity, in electronics, and in chemistry. The radioactive isotope caesium-137 has a half-life of about 30 years and is used in medical applications, industrial gauges, and hydrology. Although the element is only mildly toxic, it is a hazardous material as a very reactive metal and its radioisotopes present a high health risk if released into the environment.

In 1967, based on Einstein defining the speed of light as the most constant dimension in the universe, the International System of Units isolated two specific wave counts from an emission spectrum of caesium-133 to co-define the second and the meter. Since then, caesium has been widely used in highly accurate atomic clocks. Caesium compounds are also used as part of drilling fluids.

Cesium readily combines with oxygen and is used as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes and photoelectric cells. This was a small-scale applications of the metal, since not much was ever used in any 1 valve. Cesium is also used in atomic clocks, in modern photoelectric cells and as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds.

Cesium - WebGL Virtual Globe and Map Engine was named after the metal, not made from it. Their mission is "to create the leading web-based globe and map for visualizing dynamic data".Cesium Developer Networkcesiumjs.org. Cesium is an open source geospatial visualization JavaScript library https://cesium.agi.com/.

Cobalt-60


Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron.


 * 1) Symbol: Co
 * 2) Electron configuration: [Ar] 3d74s2
 * 3) Atomic mass: 58.933195 u ± 0.000005 u
 * 4) Melting point: 1,495 °C
 * 5) Atomic number: 27
 * 6) Discovered: 1735
 * 7) Discoverer: Georg Brandt
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: 25 parts per million by weight, 8 parts per million by moles
 * 9) Abundance solar system: 4 parts per million by weight, 0.7 parts per million by moles
 * 10) 2015 cost, pure: $21 per 100g
 * 11) 2015 cost, bulk: $4.40 per 100g

Cobalt is primarily used as the metal, in the preparation of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. It is also used in phone and electric car batteries. Its compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt(II) aluminate (CoAl2O4, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to glass, ceramics, inks, paints and varnishes. Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope, cobalt-59. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer and for the production of high energy gamma rays. Cobalt-60, 60Co, is a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt with a half-life of 5.2714 years.

Cobalt is the active center of coenzymes called cobalamins, the most common example of which is vitamin B12. As such it is an essential trace dietary mineral for all animals. Cobalt in inorganic form is also an active nutrient for bacteria, algae and fungi. It is toxic in very small amounts. names


 * Strangely, cobalt has been used for several corporate names-
 * Cobalt Light Systems https://www.cobaltlight.com/
 * Developing innovative products & technologies for non-invasive, through barrier chemical analysis in security, pharmaceutical & research applications.
 * Insight100 & Insight100M - LEDs bottle scanners https://www.cobaltlight.com/products/insight100series/
 * The original bottle scanners from Cobalt, Insight100™ and Insight100M™ systems are widely deployed at EU airports, including 8 of the top 10 hubs.
 * Cobalt Telephone Technologies for transactional and business use. www.ctt.co.uk/
 * Cobalt Telephone Technologies builds innovative bespoke self-service environments for payments and transactions via smartphone, mobile and fixed phones.
 * Cobalt health http://www.cobalthealth.co.uk/
 * Information on medical services provided the by Cobalt Appeal Fund charity, including MRI, PET-CT and Breast scanning and Cancer Prevention services.
 * Playcobalt http://playcobalt.com/
 * Agame by Oxeye Game Studio in collaboration with Mojang and music by Anosou.

Uranium-235


Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons.


 * 1) Symbol: U
 * 2) Atomic number: 92
 * 3) Atomic mass: 238.02891 u ± 0.00003 u
 * 4) Discovered: 1789
 * 5) Electron configuration: [Rn] 5f36d17s2
 * 6) Melting point: 1,132 °C
 * 7) Discoverer: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: 2.7 parts per million by weight, 0.25 parts per million by moles
 * 9) Abundance solar system: 1 part per billion by weight, 4 parts per trillion by moles
 * 10) 2015 cost, pure: $? per 100g
 * 11) 2015 cost, bulk: $9 per 100g

Uranium is a very heavy metal which can be used as an abundant source of concentrated energy. The isotope U-235 is important because under certain conditions it can readily be split, yielding a lot of energy.

Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3% uranium-235. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets in the making of high-energy X-rays. Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware. U-238 can be converted into fissionable plutonium in breeder reactors. Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.

Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.

It has a half-life of 703.8 million years (roughly 3 times bigger than the time from the first Dinosaurs to today). It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about 584.994 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn Most but not all neutron absorptions result in fission; a minority result in neutron capture forming uranium-236.

Uranium-238 is the most prevalent isotope in uranium ore, has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years; that is, half the atoms in any sample will decay in that amount of time.

Uranium-233 is a fissile isotope of uranium that is bred from thorium-232 as part of the thorium fuel cycle. It decays to ‎229Th and has a half life of ‎160,000 years.

Thorium-232
Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only two significantly radioactive elements that still occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element.


 * 1) Symbol: Th
 * 2) Atomic number: 90
 * 3) Electron configuration: [Rn] 6d27s2
 * 4) Atomic mass: 232.03806 u ± 0.00002 u
 * 5) Discovered: 1828
 * 6) Descoverd by: Jöns Jakob Berzelius
 * 7) Melting point: 1,755 °C
 * 8) Boiling point: 4,787 °C
 * 9) Abundance earth’s crust: 6 parts per million by weight, 0.5 parts per million by moles
 * 10) Abundance solar system: 0.3 parts per billion by weight, 2 parts per trillion by moles
 * 11) Cost, pure: ?$ per 100g
 * 12) Cost, bulk: ?$ per 100g

Thorium-232, half life 14 Billion years, which is about ~3 times longer than the planet Earth has existed for and about twice the time the Universe has existed for.

Thorium was once commonly used as the light source in gas mantles and as an alloying material, but these applications have declined due to concerns about its radioactivity. Thorium is still widely used as an alloying element in TIG welding electrodes (at a rate of 1%-2% mix with tungsten). It remains popular as a material in high-end optics and scientific instrumentation; thorium and uranium are the only significantly radioactive elements with major commercial applications that do not rely on their radioactivity. Thorium is predicted to be able to replace uranium as nuclear fuel in nuclear reactors, but only a few proto-type thorium reactors have yet been completed.

Thorium is a toxic heavy metal.

Tritium (symbol T or 3H, also known as hydrogen-3)


Tritium (/ˈtrɪtiəm/ or /ˈtrɪʃiəm/; symbol T or 3H, also known as hydrogen-3) is a radioactive isotope of hydrogen. The nucleus of tritium (sometimes called a triton) contains one proton and two neutrons, whereas the nucleus of protium (by far the most abundant hydrogen isotope) contains one proton and no neutrons. Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare on Earth, where trace amounts are formed by the interaction of the atmosphere with cosmic rays. The name of this isotope is formed from the Greek word τρίτος (trítos) meaning "third". The normal Hydrogen isotope is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table.

Naturally occurring tritium is extremely rare on Earth, where trace amounts are formed by the interaction of the atmosphere with cosmic rays. The name of this isotope is formed from the Greek word τρίτος (trítos) meaning "third".

Tritium illumination is the use of gaseous tritium, a radioactive isotope of hydrogen, to create visible light. Tritium emits electrons through beta decay, and, when they interact with a phosphor material, fluorescent light is created, a process called radioluminescence. As tritium illumination requires no electrical energy, it found wide use in applications such as emergency exit signs and illumination of wristwatches. More recently, many applications using radioactive materials have been replaced with photoluminescent materials.

The low energy of tritium's radiation makes it difficult to detect tritium-labeled compounds except by using liquid scintillation counting.


 * Tritium data
 * 1) Symbol triton,3H
 * 2) Neutrons 2
 * 3) Protons 1
 * 4) Natural abundance trace
 * 5) Half-life 12.32 years
 * 6) Decay products 3He
 * 7) Isotope mass 3.0160492 u
 * 8) Spin 1⁄2
 * 9) Excess energy 14,949.794± 0.001 keV
 * 10) Binding energy 8,481.821± 0.004 keV
 * 11) Decay mode Decay energy
 * 12) Beta emission 0.018590 MeV

Hydrogen is a chemical element with chemical symbol H and atomic number 1. With an atomic weight of 1.00794 u, hydrogen is the lightest element on the periodic table. Its monatomic form (H) is the most abundant chemical substance in the Universe, constituting roughly 75% of all baryonic mass. Non-remnant stars are mainly composed of hydrogen in its plasma state. The most common isotope of hydrogen, termed protium (name rarely used, symbol 1H), has one proton and no neutrons.

The universal emergence of atomic hydrogen first occurred during the recombination epoch. At standard temperature and pressure, hydrogen is a colorless, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, nonmetallic, highly combustible diatomic gas with the molecular formula H2. Since hydrogen readily forms covalent compounds with most non-metallic elements, most of the hydrogen on Earth exists in molecular forms such as in the form of water or organic compounds. Hydrogen plays a particularly important role in acid–base reactions as many acid-base reactions involve the exchange of protons between soluble molecules. In ionic compounds, hydrogen can take the form of a negative charge (i.e., anion) when it is known as a hydride, or as a positively charged (i.e., cation) species denoted by the symbol H+. The hydrogen cation is written as though composed of a bare proton, but in reality, hydrogen cations in ionic compounds are always more complex species than that would suggest. As the only neutral atom for which the Schrödinger equation can be solved analytically, study of the energetics and bonding of the hydrogen atom has played a key role in the development of quantum mechanics.


 * Hydrogen data
 * 1) Symbol: H
 * 2) Atomic mass: 1.008 u ± 0.00001 u
 * 3) Atomic number: 1
 * 4) Melting point: -259.2 °C
 * 5) Boiling point: -252.9 °C
 * 6) Discovered: 1766
 * 7) Discovery: Henry Cavendish
 * 8) Electron configuration: 1s1, per shell: 1
 * 9) Abundance earth’s crust: 1400 parts per million by weight (0.14%), 2.9% by moles
 * 10) Abundance solar system: 75% by weight, 93% by moles
 * 11) Cost, pure: $12 per 100g
 * 12) Cost, bulk: $? per 100g

According to the U.S. EPA, "a recently documented source of tritium in the environment is [self-illuminating] exit signs that have been illegally disposed of in municipal landfills. Water, which seeps through the landfill, is contaminated with tritium from broken signs and can pass into water ways, carrying the tritium with it."

Tritium is a classic of atomic fall out with a half life of 12.32 years, but since it is a gas it will blow away and disperses in to the air rather than fall out of the sky. Tritium has leaked from 48 of 65 nuclear sites in the US. In one case, leaking water contained 7.5 microcuries (0.28 MBq) of tritium per litre, which is 375 times the EPA limit for drinking water.

The US Nuclear Regulatory Commission states that in normal operation in 2003, 56 pressurized water reactors released 40,600 curies (1.50 PBq) of tritium (maximum: 2,080; minimum: 0.1; average: 725) and 24 boiling water reactors released 665 curies (24.6 TBq) (maximum: 174; minimum: 0; average: 27.7), in liquid effluents.

The high levels of atmospheric nuclear weapons testing that took place prior to the enactment of the Partial Test Ban Treaty proved to be unexpectedly useful to oceanographers. The high levels of tritium oxide introduced into upper layers of the oceans have been used in the years since then to measure the rate of mixing of the upper layers of the oceans with their lower levels.

Krypton-85
Krypton is a gaseous chemical element with symbol Kr and atomic number 36. It is a member of group 18 elements.

Naturally occurring krypton is made of six stable isotopes. In addition, about thirty unstable isotopes and isomers are known. 81Kr, the product of atmospheric reactions, is produced with the other naturally occurring isotopes of krypton. Being radioactive, it has a half-life of 230,000 years. Krypton is highly volatile when it is near surface waters but 81Kr has been used for dating old (50,000–800,000 years) groundwater.

85Kr is an inert radioactive noble gas with a half-life of 10.76 years. It is produced by the fission of uranium and plutonium, such as in nuclear bomb testing and nuclear reactors. 85Kr is released during the reprocessing of fuel rods from nuclear reactors. Concentrations at the North Pole are 30% higher than at the South Pole due to convective mixing.

Krypton has an important role in production and usage of the krypton fluoride laser. The laser has been important in the nuclear fusion energy research community in confinement experiments. The laser has high beam uniformity, short wavelength, and the ability to modify the spot size to track an imploding pellet.


 * 1) Symbol: Kr
 * 2) Boiling point: -153.2 °C
 * 3) Electron configuration: [Ar] 3d104s24p6
 * 4) Melting point: -157.4 °C
 * 5) Atomic number: 36
 * 6) Atomic mass: 83.798 u
 * 7) Discvoered in: 1898
 * 8) Discovered by: Morris Travers and William Ramsay
 * 9) Abundance earth’s crust: 100 parts per trillion by #weight, 30 parts per trillion by moles
 * 10) Abundance solar system: parts per million by weight, parts per million by moles
 * 11) Cost, pure: $33 per 100g
 * 12) Cost, bulk: $ per 100g

It is a classic element of atomic fall out with a half life of ‎10.756 years, but since it is a gas it will blow away and disperses in to the air rather than fall out of the sky.

Iodine-131


Iodine is a chemical element with symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is from Greek ἰοειδής ioeidēs, meaning violet or purple, due to the color of iodine vapor.


 * Symbol: I.
 * Melting point: 113.7 °C.
 * Boiling point: 184.3 °C.
 * Electron configuration: [Kr] 4d105s25p5.
 * Atomic mass: 126.90447 u.
 * Atomic number: 53.
 * Discovery by: Bernard Courtois
 * Date of discovery: 1811.
 * Abundance earth’s crust: 450 parts per billion by weight, 73 parts per billion by moles
 * Abundance solar system: parts per billion by weight, parts per billion by moles
 * Cost, pure: $8.3 per 100g
 * Cost, bulk: ?$ per 100g

Iodine and its compounds are primarily used in nutrition, and industrially in the production of acetic acid and certain polymers. Iodine's relatively high atomic number, low toxicity, and ease of attachment to organic compounds have made it a part of many X-ray contrast materials in modern medicine. Iodine has only one stable isotope. Iodine radioisotopes, such as 131I, are also used in medical applications.

Iodine-131, is an important radioisotope of iodine discovered by Glenn Seaborg and John Livingood in 1938 at the University of California, Berkeley. It has a radioactive decay half-life of about eight days.

Radioactive Iodine I-131 (also called Radioiodine I-131) therapy is a treatment for an overactive thyroid, a condition called hyperthyroidism.

It is a classic element of atomic fall out with a half life of 8.0197 days.

Zirconium 97


It is a classic element of atomic fall out with a half life of 16.744 hours.

Zirconium 95 has a half life of 64.02 days.

The British Zircon signals intelligence satellite was named after the mineral Zirconium is extracted from, not made out of the mineral it's self.

Antimony 131
Antimony 131 has a half-life of 23.03 minuets.

Molybdenum 99
Molybdenum 99 has a half-life of 2.7489 days.

Ruthenium 106
Ruthenium 106 (106Ru) has a half-life of 373.59 days.

Lanthanum 141
lanthanum 141 has a half-life of 3.92 hours.

Tellurium 132
Tellurium 132 has a half-life of 3.204.

Tellurium 134 has a half-life of 41.8.

Barium 140
Barium 140 has a half-life of 12.752 days.

Cerium 137
Cerium 137 has a half-life of 9 days.

Cerium 144 has a half-life of 284.91 days.

An aluminium greenhouse frame-come aluminium 26 (26Al)?



 * 1) Symbol: Al
 * 2) Melting point: 660.3 °C
 * 3) Electron configuration: [Ne] 3s23p1
 * 4) Atomic mass: 26.981539 u ± 8 × 10^-7 u
 * 5) Boiling point: 2,519 °C
 * 6) Atomic number: 13
 * 7) Discovered: 1825
 * 8) Descovered by: Hans Christian Ørsted
 * 9) Abundance earth’s crust: 8.23 % by weight, 6.32 % by moles
 * 10) Abundance solar system: 56 ppm by weight, 2.7 ppm by moles
 * 11) Cost, pure: $15.72 per 100g
 * 12) Cost, bulk: $0.20 per 100g

Some other things like water and some metals will also become radioactive due to the initial blast ionizing radiation. I chose an aluminium greenhouse frame for an example.

It is used in an extensive range of products from drinks cans, window frames, cooking pans, pace satellites, greenhouse frames, boats and aircraft. A Boeing 747-400 contains 147,000 pounds (66,150 kg) of high-strength aluminum. Only iron is used more widely than aluminum. It has no taste or smell. Aluminium is also slightly toxic which may make cuts and wounds with freshly pollishd and cut aluminium may cause a festering type alergic reation after a few days if it is not cleaned out. Heavy\continued ingestion of it may cause alzheimer’s disease.

Aluminium 26 has a half-life 720,000 years. That is for the time from now to when the people who lived near the Zhoukoudian region of Beijing master the skill of using fire in the early Paleolithic Period (the early stone-age).

How wind effects fall out
Wind would blow it in the direction the wind was giong in. It would

What fallout looks like
Fallout may take the form of black rain and\or pink snow (rain and snow darkened by particulates, soot, oxides, dirt and so on).

Fall out shelters and atomic\nuclear bunkers


Government would have limped on from places like Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker and RAF Hack Green. Valuable members of the public, the armed forces and some critical industries would also be protected to a degree, but most would have perished!

No doubt some places would survive and in time form small principality and city states like this S.E. Polish one, The Republic of Mount Tarnica, which I made on another wiki.

Also see

 * 1) A nuclear\atomic holocaust or nuclear apocalypse
 * 2) Nukes
 * 3) Science
 * 4) Geiger-Muller counter
 * 5) Atomic accidents and disasters
 * 6) Missiles
 * 7) "Poland is 'toast'!"
 * 8) Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker
 * 9) RAF Hack Green
 * 10) RAF Fylingdales
 * 11) Nuclear warfare
 * 12) Designated survivor
 * 13) A surprise nuclear attack
 * 14) Inner German Border
 * 15) Two-man rule
 * 16) World War Three: Inside the War Room (BBC Two war sim')
 * 17) RAF Fylingdales
 * 18) Permissive Action Link
 * 19) Emergency Action Message
 * 20) Special Weapons Emergency Separation System
 * 21) Seven days to the River Rhine (1979)

Outsides sources

 * 1) http://www.lib.utexas.edu/maps/austria.html
 * 2) https://wyhs-human-geography.wikispaces.com/Europe
 * 3) http://maps.nationmaster.com/country/fi
 * 4) http://www.geocurrents.info/category/place/russia-ukraine-and-caucasus/siberia
 * 5) http://www.mapa-politico.com/europa/alemania-es.html?g2_page=5
 * 6) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krypton
 * 7) http://www.webelements.com/krypton/
 * 8) http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/36/krypton
 * 9) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele036.html
 * 10) http://clearlyexplained.com/chemical-elements/caesium/index.html
 * 11) http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/life_06.html
 * 12) http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/424b780e-e9c5-11e5-bb79-2303682345c8.html
 * 13) http://uk.reuters.com/article/global-metals-idUKL3N16M2XM
 * 14) http://www.bikebiz.com/news/read/felloe-launches-aluminium-rim-hub-spoke-production-services/019247
 * 15) http://www.world-aluminium.org/
 * 16) http://www.lme.com/metals/non-ferrous/aluminium/
 * 17) http://clearlyexplained.com/chemical-elements/caesium/index.html
 * 18) http://www.livinghistoryfarm.org/farminginthe50s/life_06.html
 * 19) http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/424b780e-e9c5-11e5-bb79-2303682345c8.html
 * 20) http://uk.reuters.com/article/global-metals-idUKL3N16M2XM
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 * 22) http://www.world-aluminium.org/
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 * 25) https://www.epa.gov/radiation#inthebody
 * 26) http://www.nrc.gov/reactors/operating/ops-experience/tritium/faqs.html#normal
 * 27) http://www.nbcnews.com/id/43475479/ns/us_news-environment/
 * 28) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/hydrogen.html
 * 29) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/thorium.html
 * 30) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/aluminum.html
 * 31) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/iodine.html
 * 32) http://www.bidvestcateringequipment.com/Product/Aluminium-Omelette-Pan/256
 * 33) http://images-of-elements.com/
 * 34) http://www.tracesciences.com/fe.htm
 * 35) http://www.webelements.com/iron/isotopes.html
 * 36) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/iso026.html
 * 37) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron
 * 38) http://www.foxnews.com/us/2016/03/11/waters-around-florida-nuclear-plant-shows-increased-levels-tritium.html
 * 39) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tritium_illumination
 * 40) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Table_of_nuclides_(complete)
 * 41) http://www.physics.isu.edu/radinf/tritium.htm
 * 42) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen
 * 43) https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen
 * 44) https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen
 * 45) https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/hidrogen
 * 46) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/thorium.html
 * 47) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/aluminum.html
 * 48) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/iodine.html
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 * 50) http://news.yahoo.com/finland-probes-mystery-spike-radioactivity-160459999.html
 * 51) http://www.internetchemie.info/chemiewiki/index.php?title=Aluminium-Isotope
 * 52) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_aluminium
 * 53) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lanthanum
 * 54) http://subscribe.outsiderclub.com/52623?gclid=CLuxmoiCrcsCFesW0wod6TEIIQ
 * 55) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_cerium
 * 56) https://ehs.ucsd.edu/rad/radionuclide/Ce-144.pdf
 * 57) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_cerium
 * 58) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_lanthanum
 * 59) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_barium
 * 60) https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=1QhJCAAAQBAJ&pg=PA250&lpg=PA250&dq=710,000BC&source=bl&ots=rvqeGKDh3V&sig=3YnIhEQ58yp8QKBvmejAXvTeAr4&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwidiZHq7LLLAhUFOJoKHVMSBk4Q6AEIIjAB#v=onepage&q=710%2C000BC&f=false
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 * 62) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_tellurium
 * 63) http://www.radiologyinfo.org/en/info.cfm?pg=radioiodine
 * 64) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine-131
 * 65) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iodine
 * 66) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_strontium#Strontium-91
 * 67) http://subscribe.outsiderclub.com/52623?gclid=CLuxmoiCrcsCFesW0wod6TEIIQ
 * 68) http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1077-strontium.aspx?activeingredientid=1077&
 * 69) https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_du_zirconium
 * 70) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_zirconium
 * 71) http://www.webelements.com/zirconium/isotopes.html
 * 72) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215133/
 * 73) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_molybdenum
 * 74) https://www.iaea.org/About/Policy/GC/GC54/GC54InfDocuments/English/gc54inf-3-att7_en.pdf
 * 75) http://www2.mallinckrodt.com/nuclear_imaging/Global_Mo-99_Supply_Chain.aspx
 * 76) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK215133/
 * 77) http://www.world-nuclear-news.org/V-The-realities-of-Mo-99-production-27051502.html
 * 78) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_ruthenium
 * 79) http://www.bebig.com/international/products/ophthalmic-brachytherapy/ru-106-eye-applicators.html
 * 80) http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22042011
 * 81) http://www.nucleide.org/DDEP_WG/Nuclides/Ru-106_tables.pdf
 * 82) http://www.ezag.com/home/products/radiation-therapy/ophthalmic-brachytherapy/ru-106-eye-applicators.html
 * 83) http://periodictable.com/Isotopes/051.131/index2.html
 * 84) https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=zWPVCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA226&lpg=PA226&dq=Sb+131+isotope&source=bl&ots=dlMBWVLsF3&sig=d_pJzP2EPe54H5BwfDCf8aDOoKc&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwj-yJ6bk7LLAhWCcRQKHdyFD8sQ6AEIKzAD#v=onepage&q=Sb%20131%20isotope&f=false
 * 85) http://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007%2F978-3-540-75278-3_411#page-1
 * 86) http://periodictable.com/Isotopes/051.131/index2.html
 * 87) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/health/news/11458731/UK-medical-first-as-girl-with-huge-birthmark-undergoes-pioneering-balloon-treatment-to-grow-new-skin.html
 * 88) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_antimony
 * 89) http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp147.pdf
 * 90) http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/substances/toxsubstance.asp?toxid=121
 * 91) http://energyfromthorium.com/2006/07/09/health-and-safety-aspects-of-thorium-production/
 * 92) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jmoilane/nuclear/Fallout.html
 * 93) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_thorium
 * 94) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotopes_of_thorium
 * 95) http://www.britannica.com/science/thorium-232
 * 96) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jmoilane/nuclear/Fallout.html
 * 97) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele090.html
 * 98) http://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-power-plant/
 * 99) http://www.nuclear-power.net/nuclear-power-plant/
 * 100) http://www-personal.umich.edu/~jmoilane/nuclear/Fallout.html
 * 101) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/uranium.html
 * 102) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/58088.php
 * 103) http://subscribe.outsiderclub.com/69046?gclid=CJfrx4O0pcsCFY4y0wod0EULLg
 * 104) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/58088.php
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 * 106) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele084.html
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 * 108) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/plutonium.html
 * 109) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/uranium.html
 * 110) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/uranium.html
 * 111) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/gold.html
 * 112) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/cobalt.html
 * 113) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/cobalt.html
 * 114) http://www.thefreedictionary.com/holocaust
 * 115) http://www.thefreedictionary.com/holocaust
 * 116) https://www.reddit.com/r/AskScienceDiscussion/comments/1iddov/is_it_be_feasible_or_even_possible_to_build_a/
 * 117) http://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=14673.0
 * 118) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-alpha_process
 * 119) http://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2016/1/6/10723918/whats-a-hydrogen-bomb
 * 120) https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006031414394
 * 121) http://www.britannica.com/technology/thermonuclear-bomb
 * 122) http://nextbigfuture.com/2015/01/helium-3-from-moon-would-make-better.html
 * 123) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/nickel.html
 * 124) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/58088.php
 * 125) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele084.html
 * 126) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko
 * 127) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium
 * 128) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko
 * 129) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-33717184
 * 130) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12111319/Litvinenko-Inquiry-What-is-Polonium-210.html
 * 131) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium
 * 132) http://www.livescience.com/39871-facts-about-plutonium.html
 * 133) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35534995
 * 134) http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-usa-plutonium-idUSKCN0VI1WV
 * 135) http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/10/asia/north-korea-weapons/
 * 136) http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/plutonium.aspx
 * 137) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele055.html
 * 138) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium
 * 139) https://cesiumjs.org/
 * 140) http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cs.htm
 * 141) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium
 * 142) https://cesiumjs.org/
 * 143) https://cesium.agi.com/
 * 144) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/cesium.html
 * 145) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/polonium.html
 * 146) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/plutonium.html
 * 147) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/uranium.html
 * 148) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/gold.html
 * 149) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/cobalt.html
 * 150) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/nickel.html
 * 151) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/nickel.html
 * 152) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko
 * 153) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukopenia
 * 154) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Collimator
 * 155) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/1996_San_Juan_de_Dios_radiotherapy_accident
 * 156) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Telstar
 * 157) http://roland.lerc.nasa.gov/~dglover/sat/telstar.html
 * 158) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic_bombings_of_Hiroshima_and_Nagasaki
 * 159) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_weapon
 * 160) http://www.britannica.com/technology/atomic-bomb
 * 161) http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/bombing-of-hiroshima-and-nagasaki
 * 162) http://www.express.co.uk/news/science/646749/FRONT-room-sized-meteor-came-out-of-nowhere-and-exploded-with-force-of-Hiroshima-bomb
 * 163) http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/plutonium.html
 * 164) http://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/plutonium.aspx
 * 165) http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/pu.htm
 * 166) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele094.html
 * 167) http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/plutonium-factsheet/
 * 168) http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/within-nasa-a-plutonium-power-struggle/
 * 169) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/strontium.html
 * 170) http://www.nucleardarkness.org/warconsequences/hundredfiftytonessmoke/
 * 171) http://www.survivalring.org/community/library/us-nuclear-targets/
 * 172) http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/nwarplan.asp
 * 173) http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/warplan/index.asp
 * 174) http://estonianworld.com/security/target-estonia-britains-nuclear-plan-for-tallinn-tartu-and-viljandi/
 * 175) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele038.html
 * 176) http://www.webmd.com/vitamins-supplements/ingredientmono-1077-strontium.aspx?activeingredientid=1077&activeingredientname=strontium
 * 177) http://www.webmd.boots.com/osteoporosis/guide/osteoporosis
 * 178) http://www.webelements.com/strontium/
 * 179) http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/38/strontium
 * 180) http://www.livescience.com/34522-strontium.html
 * 181) http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/sr.htm
 * 182) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/strontium.html
 * 183) http://www.fin24.com/Companies/Mining/uranium-in-karoo-may-be-10-fold-more-than-thought-20160215
 * 184) https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=affpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=uranium+london+metal+exchange&source=bl&ots=zEHQaid_wB&sig=tdWQNE6ERQr1nG-ba1xnk1ov-S8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_99CKmfvKAhWFThQKHdnEA4QQ6AEIVDAI#v=onepage&q=uranium%20london%20metal%20exchange&f=false
 * 185) http://www.marketwatch.com/story/uranium-poised-to-rebound-post-fukushima-2015-09-18
 * 186) http://www.infomine.com/investment/
 * 187) http://www.chemicalelements.com/elements/cs.html
 * 188) http://www.webelements.com/caesium/
 * 189) http://www.rsc.org/periodic-table/element/55/caesium
 * 190) https://www.cs.rochester.edu/~nelson/cesium/cesium_faq.html
 * 191) https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=affpAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA245&lpg=PA245&dq=uranium+london+metal+exchange&source=bl&ots=zEHQaid_wB&sig=tdWQNE6ERQr1nG-ba1xnk1ov-S8&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwi_99CKmfvKAhWFThQKHdnEA4QQ6AEIVDAI#v=onepage&q=uranium%20london%20metal%20exchange&f=false
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 * 193) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele055.html
 * 194) http://www.plymouthherald.co.uk/Green-campaigners-alarmed-rising-levels-plutonium/story-28738990-detail/story.html
 * 195) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-12110141
 * 196) http://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/plutonium.aspx
 * 197) http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/pu.htm
 * 198) https://armscontrolnow.org/2012/08/03/hiroshima-and-nagasaki-never-again/
 * 199) http://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/23/politics/cold-war-u-s-nuclear-target-list/
 * 200) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Single_Integrated_Operational_Plan
 * 201) http://www.globalresearch.ca/u-s-cold-war-nuclear-attack-target-list-of-1200-soviet-bloc-cities-from-east-germany-to-china-declassified/5497970
 * 202) http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/planphoto/planphoto12.asp
 * 203) http://www.nrdc.org/nuclear/planphoto/planphoto11.asp
 * 204) http://carolmoore.net/nuclearwar/progression.html
 * 205) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2256003/U-S-New-Zealand-secretly-tested-tsunami-bombs-designed-trigger-tidal-waves-destroy-coastal-cities.html
 * 206) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsunami_bomb
 * 207) https://www.quora.com/Could-detonating-a-nuclear-bomb-on-the-seabed-cause-a-devastating-tsunami
 * 208) https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=20060724142909AAg5F8h
 * 209) http://ieer.org/resource/factsheets/uranium-its-uses-and-hazards/
 * 210) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium-235
 * 211) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/u235chn.html
 * 212) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html
 * 213) http://www.britannica.com/science/uranium-235
 * 214) http://www.robedwards.com/2014/06/revealed-the-106-cold-war-nuclear-targets-across-the-uk.html
 * 215) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html
 * 216) http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html
 * 217) http://www.lme.com/metals/minor-metals/cobalt/
 * 218) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt
 * 219) http://www.hlchina.com/gmastatement.html
 * 220) https://www.reddit.com/r/AskScienceDiscussion/comments/1iddov/is_it_be_feasible_or_even_possible_to_build_a/
 * 221) https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2016/01/Child-labour-behind-smart-phone-and-electric-car-batteries/
 * 222) http://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2016/jan/19/children-as-young-as-seven-mining-cobalt-for-use-in-smartphones-says-amnesty
 * 223) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meson_bomb
 * 224) http://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=14673.0
 * 225) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple-alpha_process
 * 226) http://www.vox.com/science-and-health/2016/1/6/10723918/whats-a-hydrogen-bomb
 * 227) https://uk.answers.yahoo.com/question/index?qid=1006031414394
 * 228) http://www.britannica.com/technology/thermonuclear-bomb
 * 229) http://nextbigfuture.com/2015/01/helium-3-from-moon-would-make-better.html
 * 230) http://books.google.com/books?id=7s0NGIfflOgC&pg=PA332
 * 231) http://books.google.com/books?id=_fC7lAg5ZU0C&pg=PA132
 * 232) http://books.google.com/books?id=asmyUHd3_oQC&pg=PA134
 * 233) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3315359/How-survive-nuclear-fallout-Experts-reveal-basics-living-world-riddled-radiation-simple-way-tell-ve-exposed.html
 * 234) http://www.atomicarchive.com/Effects/effects17.shtml
 * 235) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/sciencetech/article-3315359/How-survive-nuclear-fallout-Experts-reveal-basics-living-world-riddled-radiation-simple-way-tell-ve-exposed.html
 * 236) https://www.quora.com/How-long-does-nuclear-fallout-last
 * 237) https://www.nfoservers.com/
 * 238) The Nuclear Express: A Political History of the Bomb and Its Proliferation, By Thomas C. Reed, Danny B. Stillman (2010), page 181 A number of analysts believe that the [[Vela incident was an Israeli neutron bomb experiment.
 * 239) The Nuclear Express: A Political History of the Bomb and Its Proliferation, By Thomas C. Reed, Danny B. Stillman (2010), page 177
 * 240) Asimov, Isaac. The New Intelligent Man's Guide to Science. Basic Books, New York, 1965. Page 410.
 * 241) http://www.wikiwand.com/en/Daigo_Fukury%C5%AB_Maru
 * 242) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fallout
 * 243) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/nickel.html
 * 244) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/uranium.html
 * 245) http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/58088.php
 * 246) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele084.html
 * 247) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko
 * 248) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polonium
 * 249) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Poisoning_of_Alexander_Litvinenko
 * 250) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-33717184
 * 251) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_fallout
 * 252) http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/uknews/law-and-order/12111319/Litvinenko-Inquiry-What-is-Polonium-210.html
 * 253) http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/basics/neutron-bomb.htm
 * 254) http://www.britannica.com/technology/neutron-bomb
 * 255) http://www.nuclearfiles.org/menu/key-issues/nuclear-weapons/basics/neutron-bomb.htm
 * 256) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plutonium
 * 257) http://www.livescience.com/39871-facts-about-plutonium.html
 * 258) http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-35534995
 * 259) http://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-nuclear-usa-plutonium-idUSKCN0VI1WV
 * 260) http://edition.cnn.com/2016/02/10/asia/north-korea-weapons/
 * 261) http://www.world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/fuel-recycling/plutonium.aspx
 * 262) http://education.jlab.org/itselemental/ele055.html
 * 263) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium
 * 264) https://cesiumjs.org/
 * 265) http://www.lenntech.com/periodic/elements/cs.htm
 * 266) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesium
 * 267) https://cesiumjs.org/
 * 268) https://cesium.agi.com/
 * 269) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/cesium.html
 * 270) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/polonium.html
 * 271) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/plutonium.html
 * 272) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/uranium.html
 * 273) http://www.chemicool.com/elements/cobalt.html
 * 274) http://www.thefreedictionary.com/holocaust
 * 275) http://www.livescience.com/39773-facts-about-uranium.html
 * 276) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium
 * 277) http://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/introduction/what-is-uranium-how-does-it-work.aspx
 * 278) http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/02/12/top-official-overseeing-nuclear-deal-unsure-where-irans-enriched-uranium-is-stored.html
 * 279) http://www.upi.com/Top_News/World-News/2016/02/12/North-Korea-turning-toward-uranium-enrichment-Tokyo-says/2321455334494/
 * 280) http://nextbigfuture.com/2016/02/uranium-and-nuclear-energy.html
 * 281) http://nextbigfuture.com/2016/02/uranium-and-nuclear-energy.html
 * 282) https://medium.com/war-is-boring/this-is-how-the-world-could-have-ended-1ecd1db17ff2#.255fdrqjh
 * 283) http://coldwardecoded.blogspot.co.uk/2013/07/nuclear-war-in-west-seven-days-to-river.html
 * 284) https://astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html
 * 285) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt-60
 * 286) http://www.lme.com/metals/minor-metals/cobalt/
 * 287) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobalt
 * 288) http://www.hlchina.com/gmastatement.html
 * 289) http://ccablog.blogspot.co.uk/2006_02_01_archive.html
 * 290) http://www.rense.com/general74/EDS.HTM
 * 291) http://gizmodo.com/5859039/check-if-your-house-will-be-vaporized-in-a-nuclear-war
 * 292) http://www.livescience.com/39773-facts-about-uranium.html
 * 293) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uranium
 * 294) http://world-nuclear.org/information-library/nuclear-fuel-cycle/introduction/what-is-uranium-how-does-it-work.aspx
 * 295) http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2016/02/12/top-official-overseeing-nuclear-deal-unsure-where-irans-enriched-uranium-is-stored.html
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