A nuclear\atomic holocaust or nuclear apocalypse

The term "Holocaust" and "Nuclear".
The English word "holocaust", derived from the Greek language's term "holokaustos" meaning "completely burnt", is commonly defined as "a great destruction resulting in the extensive loss of life, especially by fire."

The English word "nuclear\nukes", derived from the Latin language's term "​nucleus" meaning "kernel", from nucula, little nut, diminutive of nux, nuc-, "nut". In this case it is relating to ​weapons, or the use of ​weapons, which use the ​power ​produced when the ​nucleus of an ​atom is ​divided or ​joined to another ​nucleus (nuclear weapon\nuke).

It literally means "incinerated\cremated nuts" in Latin and Greek!

Atomic\nuclear war
"Nukes" or nuclear weapons are the name given to all radiological, fusion and fission weapons. War with these weapons is called atomic war and could lead to a nuclear\atomic holocaust or nuclear apocalypse. A nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion (thermonuclear weapon) like the ones used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The first fission ("atomic") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 tons of TNT (see Trinity (nuclear test)). The first thermonuclear ("hydrogen") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 10,000,000 tons of TNT.

Who can launch them
They are launched by the use of the military's nuclear launch codes and the authority and authentication of the leader's, deputy leader's and/or defense minister's Nuclear briefcase (UK) Cheget (USSR), «mobile base» (France) or Nuclear football (USA).

Wartime usage
It would be used in World War 3 if mass death and destruction was needed and may then lead to A nuclear\atomic holocaust or nuclear apocalypse|a nuclear\atomic holocaust or nuclear apocalypse. The first fission ("atomic") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 tons of TNT at the Trinity nuclear test. The first thermonuclear ("hydrogen") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 10,000,000 tons of TNT. The Hiroshima bomb was War with these weapons is called atomic war and could lead to a nuclear\atomic holocaust or nuclear apocalypse. The Hiroshima bomb released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 tons of TNT and the Davy Crockett Weapon System released the same amount of energy as approximately 20 tons of TNT and the MGM-52 Lance missile could release 1,000 to 100,000 tonnes of TNT equivalent of explosive energy.

The resulting phenomena
A nuclear holocaust or nuclear apocalypse would be a possible complete or nearly complete annihilation of human life through the use of nuclear weapons. Under such a scenario, all or most of the Earth is made uninhabitable by nuclear warfare in future world wars after a mass exstange of nukes in the war!

The difference between the different types of nuclear weapons (nukes)

 * 1) Atomic bomb\Atom bomb\A-bombs- An A-bomb is any form of nuclear weapon is an explosive device that derives its destructive force from nuclear reactions, either fission (fission bomb) or a combination of fission and fusion (thermonuclear weapon) like the ones used in the atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. The first fission ("atomic") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 20,000 tons of TNT (see Trinity (nuclear test)). The first thermonuclear ("hydrogen") bomb test released the same amount of energy as approximately 10,000,000 tons of TNT. Technically, a H-bomb is a form of A-bomb, but has got it's own name due to it's different chemistry and much larger yield pattern.
 * 2) Cobalt bomb\Co-bombs- A cobalt bomb is a theoretical type of "salted bomb": a nuclear weapon designed to produce enhanced amounts of radioactive fallout, intended to contaminate a large area with radioactive material. The concept of a cobalt bomb was originally described in a radio program by physicist Leó Szilárd on February 26, 1950. His intent was not to propose that such a weapon be built, but to show that nuclear weapon technology would soon reach the point where it could end human life on Earth, a doomsday device. Such "salted" weapons were requested by the U.S. Air Force and seriously investigated, but not deployed. In the 1964 edition of the DOD/AEC book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, a new section titled radiological warfare clarified the "Doomsday device" issue. Samuel Glasstone, The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, 1962, Revised 1964, U.S. Dept of Defense and U.S. Dept of Energy, pp.464–5. This section was removed from later editions, but, according to Glasstone in 1978, not because it was inaccurate or because the weapons had changed.
 * 3) Meson bomb\M-bomb- The meson bomb was a proposed nuclear weapon, whose function was based on the energy of mesons. The idea behind the bomb was rejected by most scientists, but during Cold War, American intelligence managed to trick Soviet Union into conducting research on this topic, which resulted in several years of wasted labor by one of the Soviet nuclear weapon research bureaus.
 * 4) Radiological device\R-bomb\RRD\Radiological dispersion device\dirty bomb\D-bomb- A dirty bomb or radiological dispersal device is a theoretical radiological weapon that combines radioactive material with conventional explosives. A conventional explosive tied to some atomic waste, atomic fuel, a hospital radio-therapy unit, barrel of 'heavy water', a deactivated atomic warhead or a similar sort of thing. The blast scatters the radioactive part around a large location and in to the air with out a fissile atomic blast.
 * 5) Enhanced Radiation Weapon\ERW\Neutron bomb\N-bombs- A neutron bomb, officially termed one type of Enhanced Radiation Weapon (ERW), is a low yield thermonuclear weapon in which a burst of neutrons generated by a nuclear fusion reaction is intentionally allowed to escape the weapon, rather than being absorbed by its other components. The neutron bomb was to be used as a tactical nuclear weapon intended for use against armored forces. Originally conceived by the U.S. military, their design goals were to stop massed Soviet armored divisions from overrunning allied nations without destroying the infrastructure of the allied nation. The weapon's radiation case, usually made from relatively thick uranium, lead or steel in a standard bomb, is, instead, made of as thin a material as possible, to facilitate the greatest escape of fusion-produced neutrons. The usual nuclear weapon yield—expressed as kilotons of TNT equivalent—is not a measure of a neutron weapon's destructive power. It refers only to the energy released (mostly heat and blast), and does not express the lethal. It would make many building materials in the city radioactive, such as zinc coated steel/galvanized steel for area denial purposes. :The pulse of neutron radiation from a 1kt bomb would cause immediate and permanent incapacitation to unprotected outdoor humans in the open out to 900 meters, with death occurring in one or two days. The median lethal dose (LD50) of 600 rads would extend to about 1350–1400 meters for those unprotected and outdoors, where approximately half of those exposed would die of radiation sickness after several weeks. However a human residing within, or simply shielded by, at least one of the aforementioned concrete buildings with walls and ceilings 30 cm (12 in) thick, or alternatively of damp soil 24 inches thick, would receive a neutron radiation exposure reduced by a factor of 10. Even near ground zero, basement sheltering or buildings with similar radiation shielding characteristics, would drastically reduce the radiation dose. Furthermore, the neutron absorption spectrum of air is disputed by some authorities and depends in part on absorption by hydrogen from water vapor. Thus, it might vary exponentially with humidity, making neutron bombs far more deadly in desert climates than in humid ones. Considerable controversy arose in the U.S. and Western Europe following a June 1977 Washington Post exposé describing U.S. government plans to purchase the bomb. The article focused on the fact that it was the first weapon specifically intended to kill humans with radiation. Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory director Harold Brown nd Soviet General Secretary Leonid Brezhnev both described the neutron bomb as a "capitalist bomb", because it was designed to destroy people while preserving property. Science fiction author Isaac Asimov also stated that "Such a neutron bomb or N-bomb seems desirable to those who worry about property and hold life cheap. By 1984, according to Mordechai Vanunu, Israel was mass-producing neutron bombs. America, France and the USSR had also deployed them at times.
 * 6) Thermonuclear\T-bomb\Hydrogen bomb\H-bombs- A hydrogen bomb or H-bomb, weapon deriving a large portion of its energy from the nuclear fusion of hydrogen isotopes. In an atomic bomb, uranium or plutonium is split into lighter elements that together weigh less than the original atoms, the remainder of the mass appearing as energy. Unlike this fission bomb, the hydrogen bomb functions by the fusion, or joining together, of lighter elements into heavier elements. The end product again weighs less than its components, the difference once more appearing as energy. Because extremely high temperatures are required in order to initiate fusion reactions, the hydrogen bomb is also known as a thermonuclear bomb. A thermonuclear weapon is a nuclear weapon that uses the energy from a primary nuclear fission reaction to compress and ignite a secondary nuclear fusion reaction. The result is greatly increased explosive power when compared to single-stage fission weapons. It is colloquially referred to as a hydrogen bomb or H-bomb because it employs fusion of isotopes of hydrogen. The fission stage in such weapons is required to cause the fusion that occurs in thermonuclear weapons. The misleading term "hydrogen bomb" was already in wide public use before fission product fallout from the Castle Bravo test in 1954 revealed the extent to which the design relies on fission.
 * 7) Helium bomb\He-bomb- The Helium bomb was proposed variant of the H-bomb. Hydrogen fusion is much more efficient than helium fusion, and thus is more desirable for a bomb. Helium-3 would theoretically make better a fusion bomb. 1 ton of helium-3 has the potential to produce 1.5 times more destructive power than the Tsar Bomba. Tsar Bomba had 50 megatons (50Mt) of yield. Considering it already takes an atomic-fission bomb to create the necessary conditions for large-scale hydrogen fusion, it would need something even more powerful to create the conditions for helium fusion. Technically, a H-bomb is a form of A-bomb, but has got it's own name due to it's different chemistry and much larger yield pattern.
 * 8) Antimatter bomb\An-bomb\Anti-m-bomb\Anti-bomb- An antimatter weapon is a hypothetical device using antimatter as a power source, a propellant, or an explosive for a weapon. Antimatter weapons are not thought to currently exist due to the cost of production and the limited technology available to produce and contain antimatter in sufficient quantities for it to be a useful weapon. The United States Air Force, however, has been interested in military uses – including destructive applications – of antimatter since the Cold War, when it began funding antimatter-related physics research. Using the convention that 1 kiloton TNT equivalent = 4.184e^12 joules, the gram of antimatter reacting with its ordinary matter counterpart gives 43 kilotons of explosive force. It is very dangerous to store and use since an antimatter weapon would have to be actively kept from exploding; a nuclear weapon will not explode unless active measures are taken to make it do so. A major obstacle is the cost of producing antimatter even in small quantities. As of 2004, the cost of producing one millionth of a gram of antimatter was estimated at US$60 billion. By way of comparison the cost of the Manhattan project to produce the first atomic weapon was estimated at US$23 billion at 2007 prices. Smaller one off assassination weapons are more economically feasible: A modern MK3 hand grenade contains 227g of TNT. One billionth of a gram of positrons contains as much energy as 37.8 kilograms (83 pounds) of TNT, making the 2004 cost of a 'positron hand grenade' (10 trillionth of a gram of antimatter, 378g TNT equivalent) that could be fitted in a sniper's bullet US$600,000. This excludes the cost of the micro containment device, if such a thing is possible.
 * 9) Electron bomb\EM-bomb\EMP-bomb\EMP-device\E-bomb- The damaging effects of EMP have led to the introduction of EMP weapons, from tactical missiles with a small radius of effect to nuclear bombs. It creates a burst of energy that fries electronic circuits within a blast radius, an EMP could theoretically knock out a power grid if it were large enough. The U.S. Air Force and Boeing made a prototype electromagnetic pulse weapon, capable of targeting and destroying electrical systems without the collateral damage often associated with ordenery ordinance. The U.S. could have a new high-tech electromagnetic weapon in its arsenal, and terrorists might be building their own low-tech type of EMP bomb.
 * 10) S-bomb\Salted bombs- A salted bomb should not be confused with a dirty bomb, which is an ordinary chemical explosive bomb containing radioactive material which is spread over the area when the bomb explodes. A salted bomb is able by desinge to contaminate a much larger area than a dirty bomb.

The difference between the different types of detonation location

 * 1) Surface\land\landbourne\conventional discharge burst- on the land.
 * 2) Air\sky burst\above surface\in the air\airborne- in the air.
 * 3) High altitude exploitation\space-blast\space-nuke\sky-nuke\rainbow bomb- in the upper atmosphere or outer space.
 * 4) Terrorist weapon\nuke\atomic device detonation\incident- by a terrorist cell or criminal gang.
 * 5) Sea/marine/nortical/ocean burst/below water/sub-marine/seabourne- in or on the sea or any other major body of water.
 * 6) Subterranean\sub-surface\beneath-surface\beneath the ground\mineshaft\mine-works\underground\buried burst- beneath the ground.
 * 7) Fault-line blast\fault-line detonation- on or in a systemic fault-line.

The difference between delivery systems



 * 1) A bomb- A bomb.
 * 2) Dumb\unguided bomb- A Dumb\unguided bomb.
 * 3) Smart bomb- A Smart bomb.
 * 4) Terrorist device\bomb- A (possibly just ad-hock) terrorist device\bomb
 * 5) Warhead- A SAM, ICBM, MRBM, cruse missile or torpedo's warhead.
 * 6) Artillery shell- An artillery shell.
 * 7) Mine- A land or sea mine.
 * 8) Torpedo- A torpedo.
 * 9) SAM (anti-aircraft) missile- A SAM missile.
 * 10) ICBM missile- An intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) is a guided ballistic missile with a minimum range of 5,500 kilometers (3,400 mi) primarily designed for nuclear weapons delivery (delivering one or more thermonuclear warheads). Similarly conventional, chemical and biological weapons can also be delivered with varying effectiveness, but have never been deployed on ICBMs. Most modern designs support multiple independently targetable reentry vehicles (MIRVs), allowing a single missile to carry several warheads, each of which can strike a different target.
 * 11) MRBM\IRBM missile- An intermediate-range ballistic missile (IRBM) is a ballistic missile with a range of 3,000–5,500 km (1,864–3,418 miles), between a medium-range ballistic missile (MRBM) and an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM). Classifying ballistic missiles by range is done mostly for convenience, in principle there is very little difference between a low-performance ICBM and a high-performance IRBM. The range definition used here is used within the U.S. Missile Defense Agency. Some other sources include an additional category, the long-range ballistic missile (LRBM), to describe missiles with a range between IRBMs and true ICBMs. The more modern term theater ballistic missile encompasses IRBMs, MRBMs and SRBMs, including any ballistic missile with a range under 3,500 km (2,175 mi).
 * 12) Cruse missile- A cruse missile.
 * 13) Balistic missile- A ballistic missile.
 * 14) Recoiless rifle round- a recoiless rifle round.
 * 15) Mortar shell- A mortar shell.
 * 16) Bazooka or RPG round- A RPG round.

Physical size
There is a popular myth they have to be big. This is not true, beyond the first few years, due to the advance of technology. Yield and weight are also major factors in the size of the weapon.

Results


The United States, with the consent of the United Kingdom as laid down in the Quebec Agreement, dropped nuclear weapons on the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in August 1945, during the final stage of World War II.

This general effects can be gauged by the nukeings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, along with test blasts like one with the vehicles and wooden bindings at the Nevada Test Site, when Atomic Annie fired 16kt shot at them as part of of Operation Upshot-Knothole.

Places like Bikini Atoll and events like the 1960 Bomarc Missile accident can be used as a way of assessing the ground zero and storage site contamination respectively, over the long turn. Disasters like the Chernobyl disaster and Three Mile Island accident also act as a second fallout guide.

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation poisoning, radiation sickness or radiation toxicity, is a collection of health effects which present within 24 hours of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation. Server burns, material damage and electrical damage due to the EMP would also occur in an atomic war.

Death and destruction par-sea


As the destroyed house's image shows, the obvious material loss wound be heavy. In addition to this people, animals and plants would die. Key national\regional\local figures, vital facilities, transport hubs and supply depots would be destroyed; causing even more chaos! Refugees, wounded and the dead present there own hazards to.
 * A 10kt surface blast would cause-
 * Fireball radius: 200 m (0.12 km²)
 * Air blast radius (20 psi): 470 m (0.69 km²)
 * Air blast radius (5 psi): 0.99 km (3.06 km²)
 * Radiation radius (500 rem): 1.25 km (4.91 km²)
 * Thermal radiation radius (for 3rd degree burns): 1.41 km (6.22 km²) 100% probability for 3rd degree burns a 10kt yield is 8.4 cal/cm2.

The over-pressure event
Blast effects are usually measured by the amount of over-pressure, the pressure in excess of the normal atmospheric value, in pounds per square inch (psi). There is a 1 to 50 psi (6.9 to 345 kilopascals) over-pressure event when a 1 kiloton of TNT equivalent nuke is air burst.


 * A 10kt standard altitude air blast would cause-
 * 15 psi: 0.33 miles
 * 10 psi: 0.41 miles
 * 7 psi: 0.5 miles
 * 5 psi: 0.61 miles
 * 2 psi: 1.06 miles
 * 1 psi: 1.56 miles
 * 0.25 psi: 4.01 miles
 * 0.1 psi: 8.21 miles
 * 0.25 psi, Most glass surfaces, such as windows, will shatter within this ring, some with enough force to cause injury.
 * 1 psi, 38 mph shock-wave wind, Window glass shatters. Light injuries from dislodged fragments and the debris occur.
 * 2 psi, 70 mph shock-wave wind, Moderate damage to houses with the windows and doors blown out and severe damage to roofs being commonplace. People injured by shrapnel made of flying glass and debris.
 * 3 psi, 102 mph shock- wave wind, Residential structures collapse. Serious injuries are common, fatalities may occur.
 * 5 psi, 163 mph shock-wave wind, Most non-reinforced buildings collapse. Trees are torn up and cars are flung about. Injuries are universal and fatalities are widespread. It ruptures the eardrums in about 1% of people in the zone.
 * 7 psi Severe damage to complete destruction of reinforced concrete structures, such as skyscrapers, will occur within this ring.
 * 10 psi, 294 mph shock-wave wind, Reinforced concrete buildings are severely damaged or demolished. Most people are killed.
 * 20 psi, 502 mph shock-wave wind, Most heavily built reinforced concrete buildings and some bunkers are severely damaged or demolished. Fatalities approach 100%. Barotrauma to people and animals is commonplace.
 * 45 psi, Most bunkers and all heavily biult reinforced buildings will collapse. The over-pressure will cause eardrum rupture in about 99% of all victims in the zone.
 * 50 psi, Only the most heavy and sturdy of doomsday bunkers will survive, but they are badly damaged! The death toll is now 100%! The handful who may survive the blast are horrifically, if not fatally injured!

Epidemics, starvation and famine
Major epidemics, starvation and famine would occur in it's wake for various reasons. They would occur as a result of all the deaths, injuries, water and food contamination, poor sanitation, decomposing corpses and material losses from directly and also shortly after the event had occurred!

What, no Baghdad?!
An exiled Baghdadi in French based opposition think tank coin the turn in the late 1970's. It was basically a way of highlighting the losses caused to Iraq if it got sucked in to a violent and possibly atomic, east west war. He meant it as a warning both to Iraq and the world.

Baghdad is the capital of the Republic of Iraq. The population of Baghdad, as of 2011, is approximately 7,216,040, making it the largest city in Iraq, the second largest city in the Arab world, and the second largest city in Western Asia. As of 2012, Baghdad was listed as one of the least hospitable places in the world to live and was ranked by  Mercer as the worst of 221 major cities as measured by quality-of-life.


 * 1) Area: 204.2 km²
 * 2) Elevation: 34 m
 * 3) Weather: 12°C, Wind NW at 7 mph (11 km/h), 62% Humidity (15/02/2016).
 * 4) Local time: Tuesday 00:23
 * 5) Flights from London to Baghdad: 9 h 50 min flight.
 * 6) Population: 3.841 million (1987) UN data, 7,216,040, (2011) and 9,028,636 (2015).
 * 7) Established 762 AD
 * 8) Founded by: Abu Jafar al-Mansur
 * 9) Local government type: Mayor–council
 * 10) Local government body: Baghdad City Advisory Council.
 * 11) Mayor: Zekra Alwach
 * 12) Adminastrive rank: 1st level

What would be lost as far as institutions and places-
 * 1) Al-Shaheed Monument
 * 2) Iraqi National Symphony Orchestra
 * 3) National Theater
 * 4) Music and Ballet School of Baghdad
 * 5) Institute of Fine Arts Baghdad.
 * 6) Radio Dijlah
 * 7) Baghdadi Museum
 * 8) National Museum of Iraq
 * 9) Baghdad Zoo
 * 10) Al-Kadhimiya Mosque
 * 11) Baghdad International
 * 12) University of Baghdad
 * 13) University of Technology, Iraq
 * 14) Al-Mustansiriya University
 * 15) Nahrain University
 * 16) Alrafidain University College

Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)
An electromagnetic pulse (Aka- transient electromagnetic disturbance) is a short burst of natural or artificial electromagnetic radiation. The term 'Electromagnetic pulse' is commonly abbreviated as E.M.P. and refers to a Electromagnetic phenomenon akin to static electricity, the hissing made on analogue radios by an unshielded motor and lightning. It may occur in the form of a radiated, electric or magnetic field or conducted electrical current depending on the natural or man made source.

Nuclear explosions create a characteristic pulse of electromagnetic radiation called a Nuclear EMP or NEMP. When a nuclear warhead detonated several hundreds of kilometres above the Earth's surface is known as a high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP) device, but it's effectiveness depends on factors including the altitude of the detonation, energy yield, gamma ray output, interactions with the Earth's magnetic field and electromagnetic shielding of targets. The HEMP acronym often being pronounced as one syllable. EMP interference is generally more disruptive or damaging to integrated circuits than vacuum tubes (valves).

It can kill satellites, TVs, transformers, computers, etc... Exploding nukes also cause it, especially when done in the outer atmosphere. Several satellites inadvertently damaged or destroyed by the in the Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test of July 9, 1962, and subsequent long turn temporary radiation belt.

Radiation and ionizing radiation par-sea
Neutron radiation, alpha radiation, and extremely energetic gamma (> ~20 MeV) can cause nuclear transmutation and induced radioactivity. The relevant mechanisms are neutron activation, alpha absorption, and photodisintegration. A large enough number of transmutations can change macroscopic properties and cause targets to become radioactive themselves, even after the original source is removed.

Acute radiation syndrome (ARS), also known as radiation poisoning, radiation sickness or radiation toxicity, is a collection of health effects which present within 24 hours of exposure to high amounts of ionizing radiation.

500 rem radiation dose; without medical treatment, there can be expected between 50% and 90% mortality from acute effects alone. Dying takes between several hours and several weeks.

On living things and people in general
In general, ionizing radiation is harmful and potentially lethal to living beings but can have health benefits in radiation therapy for the treatment of cancer and thyrotoxicosis.

Most adverse health effects of radiation exposure may be grouped in two general categories:
 * Deterministic effects (harmful tissue reactions) due in large part to the killing/ malfunction of cells following high doses; and
 * Stochastic effects, i.e., cancer and heritable effects involving either cancer development in exposed individuals owing to mutation of somatic cells or heritable disease in their offspring owing to mutation of reproductive (germ) cells.

Its most common impact is the stochastic radiation-induced cancer with a latent period of years or decades after exposure. The mechanism by which this occurs is well understood, but quantitative models predicting the level of risk remain controversial. The most widely accepted model posits that the incidence of cancers due to ionizing radiation increases linearly with effective radiation dose at a rate of 5.5% per sievert. If this Linear no-threshold model is correct, then natural background radiation is the most hazardous source of radiation to general public health, followed by medical imaging as a close second. Other stochastic effects of ionizing radiation are teratogenesis, Radiation-induced cognitive decline ad dementure, and heart disease.

Human symptoms of radiation sickness\syndrome\poisoning

 * General symptoms: They include nausea and vomiting, headaches, fatigue, fever, hair loss and short period of skin reddening.
 * Hematopoietic. This syndrome is marked by a drop in the number of blood cells, called aplastic anemia. This may result in infections due to a low amount of white blood cells, bleeding due to a lack of platelets, and anemia due to few red blood cells in the circulation. These changes can be detected by blood tests after receiving a whole-body acute dose as low as 0.25 Gy, though they might never be felt by the patient if the dose is below 1 Gy. Conventional trauma and burns resulting from a bomb blast are complicated by the poor wound healing caused by hematopoietic syndrome, increasing mortality.
 * Gastrointestinal. This syndrome often follows absorbed doses of 6–30 Gy (600–3000 rad). The signs and symptoms of this form of radiation injury include nausea, vomiting, loss of appetite, and abdominal pain. Vomiting in this time-frame is a marker for whole body exposures that are in the fatal range above 4 Gy. Without exotic treatment such as bone marrow transplant, death with this dose is common. The death is generally more due to infection than gastrointestinal dysfunction.
 * Neurovascular. This syndrome typically occurs at absorbed doses greater than 30 Gy (3000 rad), though it may occur at 10 Gy (1000 rad). It presents with neurological symptoms such as dizziness, headache, or decreased level of consciousness, occurring within minutes to a few hours, and with an absence of vomiting. It is invariably fatal.

On objects
Radiation may affect materials and devices in deleterious ways:
 * By causing the materials to induced in to becomeing radioactive (mainly by neutron activation, or in presence of high-energy gamma radiation by photodisintegration).
 * By nuclear transmutation of the elements within the material including, for example, the production of Hydrogen and Helium which can in turn alter the mechanical properties of the materials and cause swelling and embrittlement.
 * By radiolysis (breaking chemical bonds) within the material, which can weaken it, cause it to swell, polymerize, promote corrosion, cause belittlements, promote cracking or otherwise change its desirable mechanical, optical, or electronic properties.
 * By formation of reactive compounds, affecting other materials (e.g. ozone cracking by ozone formed by ionization of air).
 * By ionization, causing electrical breakdown, particularly in semiconductors employed in electronic equipment, with subsequent currents introducing operation errors or even permanently damaging the devices. Devices intended for high radiation environments such as the nuclear industry and extra atmospheric (space) applications may be made radiation hard with heavy shielding to resist such effects through design, material selection, and fabrication methods.

Many of the radiation effects on materials are produced by collision cascades and covered by radiation chemistry.

On gases and water


When water subjected to ionizing radiation forms free radicals of hydrogen and hydroxyl, which can recombine to form gaseous hydrogen, oxygen, hydrogen peroxide, hydroxyl radicals, and peroxide radicals. In living organisms, which are composed mostly of water, majority of the damage is caused by the reactive oxygen species, free radicals produced from water. The free radicals attack the biomolecules forming structures within the cells, causing oxidative stress (a cumulative damage which may be significant enough to cause the cell death, or may cause DNA damage possibly leading to cancer).

Exposure to radiation causes chemical changes in gases. The least susceptible to damage are noble gases, where the major concern is the nuclear transmutation with follow-up chemical reactions of the nuclear reaction products.

High-intensity ionizing radiation in air can produce a visible ionized air glow of telltale bluish-purplish color. The glow can be observed e.g. during criticality accidents, around mushroom clouds shortly after a nuclear explosion, or inside of a damaged nuclear reactor like during the Chernobyl disaster.

Significant amounts of ozone can be produced. Even small amounts of ozone can cause ozone cracking in many polymers over time, in addition to the damage by the radiation itself.

On electrical circuits
Ionization of materials temporarily increases their conductivity, potentially permitting damaging current levels. This is a particular hazard in semiconductor microelectronics employed in electronic equipment, with subsequent currents introducing operation errors or even permanently damaging the devices. Devices intended for high radiation environments such as the nuclear industry and extra atmospheric (in outer space) applications may be made radiation hard to resist such effects through design, material selection, and fabrication methods.

Proton radiation found in space can also cause single-event upsets in digital circuits.

The Geiger-Muller counter
The electrical effects of ionizing radiation are exploited in gas-filled radiation detectors, like the Geiger-Muller counter or the ion chamber.

Nuclear haze
It is a haze caused by smoke, fallout, ash, particulates, smoke, aerosols and vaporized stuff that would blot out the sun for several days to months, or even possibly, a years after a major atomic war. Many plants would die due to light starvation.

Nuclear darkness
A nuclear darkness is a hypothetical global nuclear war induced deep, and prolonged, dimming of daylight during a nuclear winter, akin to the nuclear haze.

Global dimming
Global dimming, global reduction in ground insolation (solar radiance), due to the atmospheric injection of aerosols from various sources.

Climatic effects
A study presented at the annual meeting of the American Geophysical Union in December 2006 found that even a small-scale, regional nuclear war could disrupt the global climate for a decade or more. In a regional nuclear conflict scenario where two opposing nations in the subtropics would each use 50 Atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki\Hiroshima -sized nuclear weapons (about 20\15 kiloton each) on major populated centres, the researchers estimated as much as five million tons of soot would be released, which would produce a cooling of several degrees over large areas of North America and Eurasia, including most of the grain-growing regions. The cooling would last for years, and according to the research could be "catastrophic".

Nuclear\Atomic summer
A "nuclear summer" is a hypothesized scenario in which, after a nuclear winter has abated, a greenhouse effect then occurs due to CO2 released by combustion and methane released from the marsh gas via the decay of the organic matter that froze during the nuclear winter. It is supported scientifically far less, than nuclear winter, as a risk.

Ozone depletion
A 2008 study by Michael J. Mills and co-authors, published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, found that a nuclear weapons exchange between Pakistan and India using their current arsenals could create a near-global ozone hole, triggering human health problems and causing environmental damage for at least a decade. The computer-modeling study looked at a nuclear war between the two countries involving 50 Hiroshima-sized nuclear devices on each side, producing massive urban fires and lofting as much as five million metric tons of soot about 50 miles into the mesosphere. The soot would absorb enough solar radiation to heat surrounding gases, causing a series of surface chemistry reactions that would break down the stratospheric ozone layer protecting Earth from harmful ultraviolet radiation.

Nuclear\Atomic Winter
A nuclear winter is a largely hypothetical global climatic effect of atomic war and related urban and\or natural wildfires that is most frequently suggested to follow after the combined combustion pollution from the burning of at least 100 city sized areas, at firestorm-intensity. It would be a deep, and prolonged, fall in temperature caused by the nuclear haze.

The Climate models that are in the public-domain, suggest that the ignition of 100 firestorms that are comparable in intensity to that observed in Hiroshima in 1945 would produce a threshold-level nuclear winter.

A lager event was the subject computer modellers in the 1980's that had it's operators coin. It was assumed to be a war with fires that would be ignited by any countervalue city-airburst nuclear weapon policy during a US-Soviet total war.

Michigan State University, Pennsylvania State University, The National Center for Atmospheric Research at Boulder, Colorado, the Defense Nuclear Agency, US Air Force Geophysics Laboratory, US Interagency Intelligence Assessment, the University of East Anglia Climatic Research Unit and Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory have all done several studies on this scenario.

The results stated-
 * 1) Cooling by about 20 °C in core agricultural regions of the US, Europe and China.
 * 2) Cooling by about 35 °C in Russia.
 * 3) Cooling by about 1°C in else-were.
 * 4) A 99% reduction in the natural solar radiation reaching the surface of the planet in the first few years, gradually clearing over several decades.

Nuclear darkness
A nuclear darkness is a hypothetical global nuclear war induced deep, and prolonged, dimming of daylight during a nuclear winter, akin to the nuclear haze.

Global dimming
Global dimming, global reduction in ground insolation (solar radiance), due to the atmospheric injection of aerosols from various sources.

Nuclear fallout
Nuclear fallout, atomic fallout, arial fallout; or simply 'fallout', is the residual radioactive material propelled into the upper atmosphere following a nuclear blast or a nuclear reaction conducted in an unshielded facility, so called because it "falls out" of the sky after the explosion and the shock wave have passed. It commonly refers to the radioactive dust and ash created when a nuclear weapon explodes, but such dust can also originate from a damaged nuclear plant. Fallout may take the form of black rain and\or pink snow (rain and snow darkened by particulates).

This radioactive dust, consisting of material either directly vaporized by a nuclear blast or charged by exposure, is a highly dangerous kind of radioactive contamination.

An air burst (that is, a nuclear detonation far above the surface) can eventually produce worldwide fallout. A ground burst can produce possibly much more severe, but local fallout.

Parts of the sea bottom may become fallout. After the Castle Bravo test, white dust—contaminated calcium oxide particles originating from pulverized and calcined corals—fell for several hours, causing beta burns and radiation exposure to the inhabitants of the nearby atolls and the crew of the Daigo Fukuryū Maru fishing boat. The scientists called the fallout "Bikini snow".

The "Ils ne sont pas touché le Pérou, mais les collines sont devenus toxiques." factor
I was a turm coined by a French sciantest in the wake of the film Dr Stangelove to point out how it would drift around the world. In this case it went fron a nuke USA and southern Canada on to the Andies Moutains (especaly in Peru) after a period of just over a month.

Strontium-90


Strontium is a chemical element with symbol Sr and atomic number 38. An alkaline earth metal, strontium is a soft silver-white or yellowish metallic element that is highly reactive chemically. The metal turns yellow when it is exposed to air. Strontium was recognized as a new element in 1790 when Adair Crawford analyzed a mineral sample from a lead mine near Strontian, Scotland. The 90Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.90 years. It is a classic element of atomic fall out clouds and ground zero contamination.


 * 1) Symbol: Sr
 * 2) Electron configuration: [Kr] 5s2
 * 3) Melting point: 768.8 °C
 * 4) Atomic number: 38
 * 5) Atomic mass: 87.62 u ± 0.01 u
 * 6) Discovered: 1790
 * 7) Discoverer: William Cruickshank
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: 370 parts per million by weight, 87 parts per million by moles
 * 9) Abundance solar system: 50 parts per billion by weight, 0.7 parts per billion by moles
 * 10) Cost, pure: $100 per 100g
 * 11) Cost, bulk: $? per 100g

CRT computer monitor front panel made from strontium and barium oxide-containing glass. This application used to consume most of the world's production of strontium. Strontium salts are added to fireworks in order to create red colors. Strontium carbonate and other strontium salts can be added to fireworks to give a deep red colour. This is the same effect that is used to identify strontium cations using the flame test. This application consumes about 5% of the world's production. Strontium-90 (90Sr) is also used in cancer therapy. Its beta emission and long half-life is ideal for superficial radiotherapy.

Scientists are testing strontium ranelate to see if it can be taken by mouth to treat thinning bones (osteoporosis). Radioactive strontium-89 is given intravenously (by IV) for prostate cancer and advanced bone cancer. Strontium chloride hexahydrate is added to toothpaste to reduce sensitive teeth. Strontium chloride is sometimes used in toothpastes for sensitive teeth. One popular brand includes 10% total strontium chloride hexahydrate by weight.

90Sr isotope is present in radioactive fallout and has a half-life of 28.90 years.

Strontium ltd strontiumltd.com/ is a company who's goal is to be "specialists in identifying and developing high growth potential small to medium sized companies. We focus and support these organisations to grow." It dose not use the metal or get involved in it despite of the company's name.

Polonium-210
Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. They include heaters in space probes, antistatic devices, and sources of neutrons and alpha particles.


 * 1) Symbol: Po
 * 2) Electron configuration: [Xe] 6s24f145d106p4
 * 3) Atomic number: 84
 * 4) Discovered: 1898
 * 5) Atomic mass: 209 u
 * 6) Melting point: 253.8 °C
 * 7) Discoverers: Pierre Curie, Marie Curie
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: Of the order of 1 part per quadrillion.
 * 9) Abundance solar system: negligible
 * 10) 2015 cost, pure: ? per 100g
 * 11) 2015 cost, bulk: ? per 100g

Polonium-210 is a rare radioactive metal discovered by Marie Curie in the late 19th century. It has a half-life of 138 days (about 4.5 months), decaying down to lead. During its radioactive decay, polonium-210 emits alpha particles.

Polonium is a chemical element with symbol Po and atomic number 84, discovered in 1898 by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie. A rare and highly radioactive element with no stable isotopes, polonium is chemically similar to bismuth and tellurium, and it occurs in uranium ores.

The heavy metal is also, like nearly all heavy metals, very toxic and was used in the poisoning of the Russia defector, Alexander Litvinenko.

Plutonium-239



 * 1) Plutonium is a transuranic radioactive chemical element with symbol Pu and atomic number 94. It is an actinide metal of silvery-gray appearance that tarnishes when exposed to air, and forms a dull coating when oxidized.


 * 1) Symbol: Pu
 * 2) Atomic number: 94
 * 3) Electron configuration: [Rn] 5f67s2
 * 4) Atomic mass: 244 u
 * 5) Discovered: 1940
 * 6) Melting point: 639.4 °C
 * 7) Discoverers: Joseph W. Kennedy, Glenn T. Seaborg, Edwin McMillan, Arthur Wahl
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: negligible
 * 9) Abundance solar system: unknown
 * 10) 2015 Cost, pure: $4000 per gram
 * 11) 2015 Cost, bulk: per 100g

Early pacemaker batteries also used tiny amounts of plutonium-238.

Plutonium-239 emits Alpha radiation and has a half life of 24,000 years. That is for the time from now to the middle of the Upper Paleolithic (or Upper Palaeolithic, Late Stone Age) era. As a heavy metal, plutonium is also toxic.

Caesium-137
Caesium or cesium is a chemical element with symbol Cs and atomic number 55. It is a soft, silvery-gold alkali metal with a melting point of 28 °C, which makes it one of only five elemental metals that are liquid at or near room temperature. Handling it makes it runny and it reacts heavly in water, large amounts of it explodes in water.


 * 1) Symbol: Cs
 * 2) Melting point: 28.44 °C
 * 3) Boiling point: 670.8 °C
 * 4) Electron configuration: [Xe] 6s1
 * 5) Atomic number: 55
 * 6) Discovered: 1860
 * 7) Atomic mass: 132.90545 u ± 2 × 10^-7 u
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: 3 parts per million by weight, 0.5 parts per million by moles
 * 9) Abundance solar system: 8 parts per billion by weight, 70 parts per trillion by moles
 * 10) 2015 cost, pure: $1100 per 100g
 * 11) Cost, bulk: $ per 100g

Since the 1990s, the largest application of the element has been as caesium formate for drilling fluids. It has a range of applications in the production of electricity, in electronics, and in chemistry. The radioactive isotope caesium-137 has a half-life of about 30 years and is used in medical applications, industrial gauges, and hydrology. Although the element is only mildly toxic, it is a hazardous material as a metal and its radioisotopes present a high health risk if released into the environment.

Cesium readily combines with oxygen and is used as a getter, a material that combines with and removes trace gases from vacuum tubes. Cesium is also used in atomic clocks, in photoelectric cells and as a catalyst in the hydrogenation of certain organic compounds.

Cesium - WebGL Virtual Globe and Map Engine was named afer the metal, not made from it. Their mission is "to create the leading web-based globe and map for visualizing dynamic data".Cesium Developer Networkcesiumjs.org. Cesium is an open source geospatial visualization JavaScript library https://cesium.agi.com/.

Cobalt-60


Cobalt is a chemical element with symbol Co and atomic number 27. Like nickel, cobalt in the Earth's crust is found only in chemically combined form, save for small deposits found in alloys of natural meteoric iron.


 * 1) Symbol: Co
 * 2) Electron configuration: [Ar] 3d74s2
 * 3) Atomic mass: 58.933195 u ± 0.000005 u
 * 4) Melting point: 1,495 °C
 * 5) Atomic number: 27
 * 6) Discovered: 1735
 * 7) Discoverer: Georg Brandt
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: 25 parts per million by weight, 8 parts per million by moles
 * 9) Abundance solar system: 4 parts per million by weight, 0.7 parts per million by moles
 * 10) 2015 cost, pure: $21 per 100g
 * 11) 2015 cost, bulk: $4.40 per 100g

Cobalt is primarily used as the metal, in the preparation of magnetic, wear-resistant and high-strength alloys. It is also used in phone and electric car batteries. Its compounds cobalt silicate and cobalt(II) aluminate (CoAl2O4, cobalt blue) give a distinctive deep blue color to glass, ceramics, inks, paints and varnishes. Cobalt occurs naturally as only one stable isotope, cobalt-59. Cobalt-60 is a commercially important radioisotope, used as a radioactive tracer and for the production of high energy gamma rays. Cobalt-60, 60Co, is a synthetic radioactive isotope of cobalt with a half-life of 5.2714 years.

Cobalt is the active center of coenzymes called cobalamins, the most common example of which is vitamin B12. As such it is an essential trace dietary mineral for all animals. Cobalt in inorganic form is also an active nutrient for bacteria, algae and fungi. It is toxic in very small amounts. names


 * Strangely, cobalt has been used for several corporate names-
 * Cobalt Light Systems https://www.cobaltlight.com/
 * Developing innovative products & technologies for non-invasive, through barrier chemical analysis in security, pharmaceutical & research applications.


 * Insight100 & Insight100M - LEDs bottle scanners https://www.cobaltlight.com/products/insight100series/
 * The original bottle scanners from Cobalt, Insight100™ and Insight100M™ systems are widely deployed at EU airports, including 8 of the top 10 hubs.


 * Cobalt Telephone Technologies for transactional and business use. www.ctt.co.uk/
 * Cobalt Telephone Technologies builds innovative bespoke self-service environments for payments and transactions via smartphone, mobile and fixed phones.


 * Cobalt health http://www.cobalthealth.co.uk/
 * Information on medical services provided the by Cobalt Appeal Fund charity, including MRI, PET-CT and Breast scanning and Cancer Prevention services.


 * Playcobalt http://playcobalt.com/
 * Agame by Oxeye Game Studio in collaboration with Mojang and music by Anosou.

Uranium-235


Uranium is a chemical element with symbol U and atomic number 92. It is a silvery-white metal in the actinide series of the periodic table. A uranium atom has 92 protons and 92 electrons, of which 6 are valence electrons.


 * 1) Symbol: U
 * 2) Atomic number: 92
 * 3) Atomic mass: 238.02891 u ± 0.00003 u
 * 4) Discovered: 1789
 * 5) Electron configuration: [Rn] 5f36d17s2
 * 6) Melting point: 1,132 °C
 * 7) Discoverer: Martin Heinrich Klaproth
 * 8) Abundance earth’s crust: 2.7 parts per million by weight, 0.25 parts per million by moles
 * 9) Abundance solar system: 1 part per billion by weight, 4 parts per trillion by moles
 * 10) 2015 cost, pure: $? per 100g
 * 11) 2015 cost, bulk: $9 per 100g

Uranium is a very heavy metal which can be used as an abundant source of concentrated energy. The isotope U-235 is important because under certain conditions it can readily be split, yielding a lot of energy.

Commercial nuclear power plants use fuel that is typically enriched to around 3% uranium-235. Uranium metal is used for X-ray targets in the making of high-energy X-rays. Before (and, occasionally, after) the discovery of radioactivity, uranium was primarily used in small amounts for yellow glass and pottery glazes, such as uranium glass and in Fiestaware. U-238 can be converted into fissionable plutonium in breeder reactors.Depleted uranium (238U) is used in kinetic energy penetrators and armor plating.

Uranium-235 (235U) is an isotope of uranium making up about 0.72% of natural uranium. Unlike the predominant isotope uranium-238, it is fissile, i.e., it can sustain a fission chain reaction. It is the only fissile isotope that is a primordial nuclide or found in significant quantity in nature.

Uranium-235 has a half-life of 703.8 million years (roughly 3 times bigger than the time from the first Dinosaurs to today). It was discovered in 1935 by Arthur Jeffrey Dempster. Its (fission) nuclear cross section for slow thermal neutrons is about 584.994 barns. For fast neutrons it is on the order of 1 barn Most but not all neutron absorptions result in fission; a minority result in neutron capture forming uranium-236.

Uranium-238, the most prevalent isotope in uranium ore, has a half-life of about 4.5 billion years; that is, half the atoms in any sample will decay in that amount of time.

Thorium-232
Thorium is a chemical element with symbol Th and atomic number 90. A radioactive actinide metal, thorium is one of only two significantly radioactive elements that still occur naturally in large quantities as a primordial element.


 * 1) Symbol: Th
 * 2) Atomic number: 90
 * 3) Electron configuration: [Rn] 6d27s2
 * 4) Atomic mass: 232.03806 u ± 0.00002 u
 * 5) Discovered: 1828
 * 6) Melting point: 1,755 °C
 * 7) Boiling point: 4,787 °C

Thorium-232, half life 14 Billion years

Thorium was once commonly used as the light source in gas mantles and as an alloying material, but these applications have declined due to concerns about its radioactivity. Thorium is still widely used as an alloying element in TIG welding electrodes (at a rate of 1%-2% mix with tungsten). It remains popular as a material in high-end optics and scientific instrumentation; thorium and uranium are the only significantly radioactive elements with major commercial applications that do not rely on their radioactivity. Thorium is predicted to be able to replace uranium as nuclear fuel in nuclear reactors, but only a few thorium reactors have yet been completed.

Thorium is a toxic heay metal.

Fall out shelters and atomic\nuclear bunkers


Government would have limped on from places like Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker and RAF Hack Green. Valuable members of the public, the armed forces and some critical industries would also be protected to a degree, but most would have perished!

No doubt some places would survive and in time form small principality and city states like this S.E. Polish one, The Republic of Mount Tarnica, which I made on another wiki.

Earthquakes ans seismology
All very large explosions, including nukes, make a small earth tremor; but if a larger nuke could set of a near by major fault-line. This is both banned by the UN and denounced by all governments.

The ionosphere\Van Allen Belt
The day before Telstar 1 launched, a U.S. high-altitude nuclear bomb (called the Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test) had energized the Earth's Van Allen Belt where Telstar 1 went into orbit. This vast increase in a partly artificial radiation belts, combined with subsequent high-altitude blasts, including a Soviet test in October, overwhelmed Telstar's fragile transistors and shorted some out. It went out of service in November 1962, after handling over 400 telephone, telegraph, facsimile and television transmissions. Some electrical systems such as street lights, phones and microwave relay stations also failed in Hawaii and New Zealand because of it!

The Soviet's Tsar Bomba bast on October 30, 1961, also caused a 1 hour local radio jamming effect due to the initial ionised radiation output.

Tidal-waves\tsunamis and toxic seas


The USA, S. Africa, UK, NZ, Mouist China and the USSR had toyed with the idea of a Tsunami bomb in the mid 1940s and again in the early 1950s, because it was .theoretically possible to Tsunami and tide waves with the under water shock-wave caused by a exploding nuke.

The sea around the detonation site would also become temporarily radioactive until the contaminated water had been swept away by the ocean currents.

The Dead Hand System
The Dead Hand (or "Perimeter") system built by the Soviet Union (circa mid 1970s) during the Cold War has been called a "doomsday machine" due to its fail-deadly design and nuclear capabilities (launching all missiles randomly across the world outside of USSR and it's allies, thus de facto bringing about even there own destruction (sick, or what)! Gorbachove hated it, Yelstin closed it down, but Putin has rengaged it according to Western media reports. Nikita Khrushchev reportedly did not agree with such a response when the theory emerged in the late 1950's since he thought it was a genocidal idea that would kill innocence neutrals and any commies who the West had not managed to conquer!

Project Pluto
Project Pluto (The Flying Crowbar missile) was the insane doomsday weapon America almost built. It was a Cold War SLAM missile. SLAM stands for- Supersonic Low Altitude Missile, that means that this giant, nuclear-powered beast would be screaming around at low rooftop/tree top hight, spewing poisonose radiation as it went to the place it was to blow up with it's nuke (sick, or what)!

Doomsday device
A doomsday device is a hypothetical construction first considered in the mid 1950's — usually a weapon, or collection of weapons — which could destroy all life on a planet, particularly the Earth, or destroy the planet itself, bringing "doomsday", a term used for the end of planet Earth. Most hypothetical constructions rely on the fact that hydrogen bombs can be made arbitrarily large assuming there are no concerns about delivering them to a target (see Teller–Ulam design) or that they can be "salted" with materials designed to create long-lasting and hazardous fallout (e.g., a cobalt-50 or -60 type bomb. Sick, or what!).

A salted bomb should not be confused with a dirty bomb, which is an ordinary chemical explosive bomb containing radioactive material which is spread over the area when the bomb explodes. A salted bomb is able by desinge to contaminate a much larger area than a dirty bomb.

For many, the scheme epitomized the extremes of the suicidal logic behind the strategy of mutual assured destruction; the idea was famously parodied in the Stanley Kubrick film from 1964, Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb.

Brezhnev made it in the 1970's, Yeltsin closed it down, but Putin has engaged it according to Western media reports. Nikita Khrushchev reportedly did not agree with such a device or devices when the theory emerged in the late 1950's since he thought it was a genocidal idea that would kill innocence neutrals and any commies who the West had not managed to conquer! Boris Yeltsin also hated it, according to western intelligence and media sources. Both Ike and JFK also thought such weapons were inhuman and un-American in it's nature.

Salted bombs
A salted bomb should not be confused with a dirty bomb, which is an ordinary chemical explosive bomb containing radioactive material which is spread over the area when the bomb explodes. A salted bomb is able by desinge to contaminate a much larger area than a dirty bomb.

A salted bomb is a nuclear weapon designed to function as a radiological weapon, producing enhanced quantities of radioactive fallout, rendering a large area uninhabitable. The term is derived both from the means of their manufacture, which involves the incorporation of additional elements to a standard atomic weapon, and from the expression "to salt the earth", meaning to render an area uninhabitable for generations. It was coined in ancient times since Roma and Greece put salt in the ground of attacked nations to ruin it. The idea originated with Hungarian-American physicist Leo Szilard, in February 1950. His intent was not to propose that such a weapon be built, but to show that nuclear weapon technology would soon reach the point where it could end human life on Earth. No salted bomb has ever been tested (atmospherically for most effect), and as far as is publicly known none have ever been built.

Cobalt bomb
Such "salted" weapons, which use cobalt, were requested by the U.S. Air Force and seriously investigated, but not deployed. In the 1964 edition of the DOD/AEC book The Effects of Nuclear Weapons, a new section titled radiological warfare clarified the "Doomsday device" issue.

Overkill?
As with all wars there are limitations to practicality and the risk of over kill, the destruction of what is supposed to be captured and one's own forces and their allies.

.



Outside of central Europe the Soviets' plans for Europe were to destroy military and industrial stuff, since they wanted to conquer, enslave and plunder (see the GDR). The USA was the only nation who went mostly after eastern European civvies in cities. US Brits, the French, China, S. Africa and the Israelis only wanted to do what was necessary to stay alive.

The DPRK, S. Korea and Cuba would be toast. San Julián Air Base and San Antonio de los Baños Airfield were not hit, but Havana and San Diego. A sea strike at Inishtrahull off the Donegal coast, since UK subs regularly loitered their. The American airbase at Aarbourg was targeted, but not Copenhagen as many thought.

CND
The Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) was founded in 1957 by Canon John Collins as a peace organisation that advocates avoiding nuclear war by the unilateral nuclear disarmament of the United Kingdom, eventual international nuclear disarmament and tighter international arms regulation along with restrictions on weapons testing through agreements such as the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty. It is also opposed to any military action that may result in the use of any nuclear, chemical or biological weapons and the building of nuclear power stations in the UK.

The Doomsday Clock
Since 1947, the Doomsday Clock of the Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists visualises how far the world is from a nuclear war.

Popular culture
The threat of a nuclear holocaust plays an important role in the popular perception of nuclear weapons. It features in the security concept of mutually assured destruction (MAD) and is a common scenario in survivalism. Nuclear holocaust is a common feature in literature, online sites and film, especially in speculative genres such as science fiction, dystopian, doomsday and post-apocalyptic fiction.

Also see- these 3 wikis for an interesting alternate history stories about the event.
 * 1) http://althistory.wikia.com/wiki/Doomsday_%281983%3A_Doomsday%29
 * 2) http://alternate-future.wikia.com/wiki/1995_Armengeddon
 * 3) http://implausablealternatehistory.wikia.com/wiki/1962:_The_Apocalypse

The Helium Bomb (ヘリウム爆弾, Heriumu Bakudan) was known a nuclear weapon created (in this work of fiction) by the Garanda Empire.
 * 1) http://kamenrider.wikia.com/wiki/Helium_Bomb

The Meson bomb and related systems was known a nuclear weapon created (in these works of fiction) by TC, Metroid Prime and Metroid Prime 3
 * 1) http://www.hard-light.net/wiki/index.php/TC-Meson_Bomb
 * 2) http://metroid.wikia.com/wiki/Meson_Bomb_Launcher

Missile and anti-missile silo hunting

 * 1) Anti-ballistic missile system (ABM) deployed around Moscow to counter enemy ICBM targeting the city. In silos are probably Gazelle (SH-08) interceptor missiles. 
 * 2) Plattsburgh AFB Atlas Missile Site #07, 44.5472222, -73.975 
 * 3) An anonymous Silo door, near Parshal, ND. 47.853609,-102.127275 


 * http://www.satellite-sightseer.com/id/8760
 * https://www.google.com/maps/d/viewer?mid=zGJkktkfplh0.kmdzajaK_wOw&hl=en_US
 * http://googlesightseeing.com/maps?p=&c=&t=h&hl=en&ll=47.853757,-102.127494&z=18
 * http://virtualglobetrotting.com/category/buildings/military-missile-sites/
 * http://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2014/07/31/336847318/to-find-america-s-nukes-try-google-maps
 * https://productforums.google.com/forum/#!topic/gec-military-moderated/4iSsJARnk7M

Also see



 * 1) RAF Menwith Hill
 * 2) Greenham Air Base
 * 3) KH-7 Gambit satellite
 * 4) Titan IIIB Rocket
 * 5) Kelvedon Hatch Secret Nuclear Bunker
 * 6) RAF Hack Green
 * 7) RAF Fylingdales
 * 8) Nuclear warfare
 * 9) Designated survivor
 * 10) A surprise nuclear attack
 * 11) Inner German Border
 * 12) Two-man rule
 * 13) World War Three: Inside the War Room (BBC Two war sim')
 * 14) RAF Fylingdales
 * 15) Permissive Action Link
 * 16) Emergency Action Message
 * 17) Special Weapons Emergency Separation System
 * 18) Seven days to the River Rhine (1979)
 * 19) Soviet invasion of Denmark
 * 20) Soviet/NATO invasion of Finland
 * 21) The 10 kiloton "Baneberry" weapons test error in Operation Emery
 * 22) RAF Upper Heyford
 * 23) Nukes
 * 24) RAF Fylingdales
 * 25) Atomic Weapons Establishment near Aldermaston
 * 26) The Republic of Mount Tarnica (implausablealternatehistory.wikia)
 * 27) Hack Green Secret Nuclear Bunker
 * 28) Kelvedon Hatch emergency broadcast tower
 * 29) Wartime Broadcasting Service (UK)
 * 30) Atomic Weapons Establishment near Aldermaston
 * 31) Nukes
 * 32) Nuclear warfare
 * 33) Designated survivor
 * 34) Two-man rule
 * 35) Permissive Action Link
 * 36) Emergency Action Message
 * 37) Special Weapons Emergency Separation System
 * 38) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
 * 39) DEFCON 1
 * 40) HANDEL
 * 41) CONELRAD
 * 42) Cuban Missile Crisis
 * 43) EMP
 * 44) Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)
 * 45) Mushroom cloud
 * 46) Ike
 * 47) Korean War
 * 48) UK war time regional seats of government
 * 49) Chapelcross nuclear power station partial meltdown
 * 50) Nuclear briefcase
 * 51) Mount Yamantau
 * 52) Second Artillery Corps (PRC)
 * 53) National Command Authority (USA)
 * 54) CND
 * 55) Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty
 * 56) A surprise nuclear attack
 * 57) Operation Chrome Dome
 * 58) Atomic warfare information notes.
 * 59) Pre-emptive strike
 * 60) A surprise nuclear attack
 * 61) 1960 Bomarc Missile accident
 * 62) 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash
 * 63) 1963 Test Ban Treaty
 * 64) 1966 Palomares B-52 crash
 * 65) 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash
 * 66) 1980 Titan II Missile Explosion
 * 67) 1983 Soviet nuclear false alarm incident
 * 68) Nuclear briefcase
 * 69) Nuclear football.
 * 70) Hack Green
 * 71) RAF Hack Green
 * 72) Hack Green Secret Nuclear Bunker
 * 73) Wartime Broadcasting Service
 * 74) Four-minute warning
 * 75) 1966 Palomares B-52 crash
 * 76) 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash
 * 77) The 10 kiloton "Baneberry" weapons test error in Operation Emery
 * 78) Operation Chrome Dome
 * 79) Thule Air Base, Greenland
 * 80) Castle Bravo test blast miscalculation
 * 81) Bikini Atoll
 * 82) Nuclear fallout
 * 83) Woomera Test Range
 * 84) Operation Castle
 * 85) Operation Ivy
 * 86) Operation Able
 * 87) Operation Redwing
 * 88) Castle Romeo
 * 89) Operation Hardtack
 * 90) Ivy Mike
 * 91) MAD
 * 92) Tsar Bomba
 * 93) Enewetak Atoll
 * 94) Starfish Prime high-altitude nuclear test
 * 95) Errors I think hit DD83 on Althistory Wiki
 * 96) 1961 Yuba City B-52 crash
 * 97) 1964 Savage Mountain B-52 crash
 * 98) Americas' nuclear targets in 1959
 * 99) Duck and cover
 * 100) Hack Green Secret Nuclear Bunker
 * 101) Cuban Missile Chrisis
 * 102) The atomic artillery peace ‘Atomic Annie’
 * 103) 1960 Bomarc Missile accident
 * 104) Operation Chrome Dome
 * 105) B-52 Stratofortress bomber
 * 106) Johnston Atoll
 * 107) Korean War
 * 108) UK war time regional seats of government
 * 109) Nevada Test and Training Range
 * 110) Ike
 * 111) Nickel
 * 112) Bikini Atoll
 * 113) CND
 * 114) Titan II Missile
 * 115) DEFCON 1
 * 116) HANDEL
 * 117) CONELRAD
 * 118) Cuban Missile Crisis
 * 119) EMP
 * 120) Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP)
 * 121) Mushroom cloud
 * 122) Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty
 * 123) Germany's Fulda Gap
 * 124) The atomic artillery peace ‘Atomic Annie’
 * 125) 1960 Bomarc Missile accident
 * 126) Operation Chrome Dome
 * 127) B-52 Stratofortress bomber
 * 128) Johnston Atoll
 * 129) Woomara test range
 * 130) Atomic War
 * 131) Three Mile Island accident
 * 132) 1968 Thule Air Base B-52 crash
 * 133) 1963 Test Ban Treaty
 * 134) Atomic warfare information notes.
 * 135) Bikini Atoll
 * 136) CND
 * 137) USSR
 * 138) Exercise Able Archer '83
 * 139) DEFCON 1
 * 140) How to say "Polaris"
 * 141) Germany's Fulda Gap
 * 142) Exercise Reforger
 * 143) Exercise Dnepr 1967
 * 144) Nukes
 * 145) Davy Crockett Weapon System
 * 146) Communist old guard
 * 147) Greenham Air Base
 * 148) 1961 Goldsboro B-52 crash
 * 149) Tsar Bomba
 * 150) Exercise Reforger
 * 151) Exercise Able Archer '83
 * 152) Exercise Zapad-81
 * 153) Operation Chrome Dome
 * 154) Operation Square Leg (1980) and Exercise Hard Rock (1982)
 * 155) A surprise nuclear attack
 * 156) British Army of the Rhine (BAOR)
 * 157) River Elbe Line
 * 158) "Poland is 'toast'!"

Outside links and sources
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 * 202) https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ionizing_radiation
 * 203) http://www.who.int/ionizing_radiation/about/what_is_ir/en/
 * 204) ICRP publication 103 paragraph 55
 * 205) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/High-altitude_nuclear_explosion
 * 206) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electromagnetic_pulse
 * 207) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_electromagnetic_pulse
 * 208) http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Starfish_Prime
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 * 210) https://fas.org/news/russia/1994/jptnd019_94033.htm
 * 211) http://www.livescience.com/33348-antimatter-destroy-world.html
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 * 217) http://www.rense.com/general74/EDS.HTM
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 * 245) https://astr.gsu.edu/hbase/nucene/fission.html
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 * 249) http://www.hlchina.com/gmastatement.html
 * 250) http://ccablog.blogspot.co.uk/2006_02_01_archive.html
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 * 252) http://www.rense.com/general74/EDS.HTM
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