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Israel (1945 to 1993)

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Overview[]

Israel, officially the State of Israel, is a country in the Southern Levant region of West Asia. It borders Lebanon (doe not like Israel) to the north, Syria (wants to destroy Israel) to the northeast, Jordan (is an Israeli ally) to the east and Egypt (It's not really interested in Israel on the whole) to the southwest. Over the years Israel conquered Palestinian territories of the West Bank (from Jordan) and east Jerusalem (from Jordan) in the east, and the Gaza Strip (From Egypt) in the southwest, as well as the Golan Heights (from Syria) in the northeast. Israel was, like the UAE and Saudi Arabia, one of the most successful Middle Eastern nations in history. Israel's exitance was opposed by most Arab and Muslim nations due to the Israeli's partly justified hatred and crushing of the Palestinians.

History[]

1799-1917[]

The Jews left the region they originated willingly and unwillingly over the years after the The Jewish defeat in the First Jewish–Roman War (66–73 CE). Those who stayed behind became Levantine Jews or converted to Islam and bread with the Arab occupiers becoming Palestinians as they did so. The closest genetic neighbours to most Jewish groups were the Palestinians, Samaritans, Israeli Bedouins, Jordanian\Palestinian\Syrian Christians and Druze Syrian\Lebanese Arabs.

Zionism slowly took off and had become British political issue by 1903. The Ottoman Empire was in decline and Europe wanted to set up new colonies in the Middle East. The Ottomans hated most Levantine Christians and the Palestinians hated the Levantine Jews. About 40,000 Jews settled in Palestine between 1904 and a 1914 after the 1904 Kishinev pogrom, although nearly half eventually left Israel.

Hatikvah (Hebrew: "The Hope") is the national anthem of the State of Israel. Part of 1917 Jewish poetry, the theme of the Romantic composition reflects the 2,000-year-old desire of the Jewish people to return to the Land of Israel in order to reclaim it as a free and sovereign nation-state. The piece's lyrics are adapted from a work by Naftali Herz Imber, a Jewish poet from Zloczow, Austrian Galicia. Imber wrote the first version of the poem in 1877, when he was hosted by a Jewish scholar in Iasi.

1918-1947[]

An additional 100,000 Jews arrived in Palestine between 1924–1929. Growing anti-Semitism in the wake of WW1 and then WW2's Holocaust lead to growing migration it the Levant, especially after WW2. This ruined the British plan to set up an for a multi-cultural and non-sectarian puppet state. Arabs and Jews began fighting with each other and Jews also turned on the UK's colonial regime. The UN put forward a roughly even split of Palestine between Jews (a approximately 400% increase in there territory) and Arabs, with Jerusalem and Bethlehem becoming a UN administered neutralist international zone. The Jews reluctantly agreed to it as a way of starting there take over of Mandatory Palestine, while the Palestinians refused to co-operate and wanted all Jews kicked out of Mandatory Palestine.

The 1947–1948 civil and anti-British insurgency occurred and the British defeated started to pull out in 1947 and Israel declared independence in 1948. The Arab Liberation Army, Al-Najjada and Holy War Army fought back on the behalf of the Palestinian Arabs. The Prime Minister was Ahmed Hilmi Abd al-Baqi.

1948-1949[]

The defeated British started to pull out in 1947 and Israel declared independence in 1948. About 250,000–300,000 Palestinians had fled or were expelled during the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine, before the termination of the British Mandate on 14 May 1948 and the due to the 1948 Palestine War and ongoing Jewish attacks on colonial forces. Over all, between 700,000 and 726,000 Palestinians had fled or were expelled by the Israelis between 1947 and 1949 in the slaughter known as the Nakba. This was the spark that the 1948-49 Arab–Israeli War. Jordan had been separated from Palestine in 1920 and became independent in 1946. After capturing the West Bank in the war it called it's formally self as Transjordan. Egypt also captured the Gaza Strip. The Arabs and Jews then cemented there hatred for each other.

The All-Palestine Government (1948-1958) was established by the Arab League on September 22, 1948, during the 1948 Arab-Israeli War. Though jurisdiction of the government was declared to cover the whole of the former Mandate of Palestine with, its effective jurisdiction was limited to the Gaza Strip.

The flag of the State of Israel (Hebrew: דֶּגֶל יִשְׂרָאֵל deḡel Jiśrāʾēl; Arabic: عَلَم إِسْرَائِيلʿalam ʾIsrāʾīl) was adopted on 28 October 1948, five months after the Israeli Declaration of Independence. It consists of a white background with a blue Star of David in the centre and two horizontal blue stripes at the top and bottom, recalling the design of the tallit (טַלִּית). The Israeli flag legislation states that the official measurements are 160 × 220 cm. Therefore, the official proportions are 8:11. Variants can be found at a wide range of proportions, with 2:3 being common.

The blue color is described as "dark sky-blue", and varies from flag to flag, ranging from a hue of pure blue, sometimes shaded almost as dark as navy blue, to hues about 75% toward pure cyan and shades as light as very light blue. An early version of the flag was displayed in 1885 at a procession marking the third anniversary of Rishon LeZion. A similar version was designed for the Zionist movement in 1891. The Star of David (Magen David, מָגֵן דָּוִד), a Jewish symbol dating from late medieval-era Prague, was adopted by the First Zionist Congress in 1897.

United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273[]

By United Nations General Assembly Resolution 273, Israel was admitted as a member of the UN on 11 May 1949. The result of the voting was the following:

Approved
  • Argentina, Australia, Bolivia, Byelorussian SSR, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, France, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, Liberia, Luxembourg, Mexico, Netherlands, New Zealand, Nicaragua, Norway, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, South Africa, Ukrainian SSR, USSR, United States, Uruguay, Venezuela and Yugoslavia.
Rejected
  • Afghanistan, Burma, Egypt, Ethiopia, India, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia, Syria and Yemen.
Abstentions
  • Belgium, Brazil, Denmark, El Salvador, Greece, Siam, Sweden, Turkey and United Kingdom.

1950-1961[]

Between 700,000 to 1,400,000 more Jews arrived from around the world in the late 1940s and 1950s. Over 200,000 people were living in these tent cities by 1950. Cultural chauvinism lead Jews of European background were often treated more favourably than Jews from Middle Eastern and North African countries. The Palestinian Fedayeen, mainly from the Egyptian-occupied Gaza Strip, attacked Jewish civilians during the 1950s.

Israel demanded that W. Germany had to pay 1.5 billion dollars (equivalent to $18.2 billion in 2024) in reparations for the Holocaust, but they got only 3 billion marks (around 714 million USD according to 1953–1955 conversion rates) in 1952, with another 450 million marks were paid to the World Jewish Congress. Many Israeli Jews did not want any payment from or diplomatic relations with W. Germany in the first place, but they were ignored. Some material aid was also given by the FRG, but a small amount also reportedly came from the GDR.

When the Egyptian president Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez Canal and he subsequent blockade of the Suez Canal and Straits of Tiran to Israeli shipping, the UK, France and Israel started to plot against Egypt. The Palestinian Fedayeen and Egypt were allies and had also been accused by Israel of making a secret anti-Israeli alliance with Jordan and Syria. The Egyptian commander, Field Marshal Abdel Hakim Amer, was a purely political appointee and incompetent officer who owed his position to his close friendship with Nasser and was known for getting drunk. The UK wanted to control the Suez Canal, France wanted to stop Egypt from supporting Algerian rebels and Israel wanted to annex lots of land. Israel was going for dividing Jordan with Iraq, taking over Straits of Tiran leading to the Gulf of Aqaba, annexing the Sani Peninsular, annexing Sothern Lebanon and setting up a Maronite Christian puppet state in the north of Lebanon.

Israel joined a secret alliance with the UK and France and overran the Sinai Peninsula as the UK and France tried to capture the Suez Canal in the 1965 Suez Crisis. All 3 invaders were pressured to withdraw by the UN, USSR, USA and Arab League in return for guarantees of restored Israeli shipping rights. Neither Israel or Egypt bothered to listen to Indian or Australian peace proposals.

The USSR was angary sine they feared the fall of there allies in Egypt and Syria.

America was jealous and angry with everyone. They thought they had broken the UK and France long ago and feared that Egypt and Israel were willing to stand up for them selves in the face of foreign invasion. America also wanted to end the European empires despite constantly trying to interfere in Latin American politics.

The Arabs were sticking up for there Egyptian kindred.

1962-1970[]

Israel captured the Nazi war criminal Adolf Eichmann in Argentina and brought him to Israel for trial in 1962.

Israel had a diplomatic standoff with the United States over the nascent Israeli nuclear programme in 1963.

The anti-Zionist if not outright anti-Semitic Palestine Liberation Organization formed in 1964.

Arab countries, concerned over Israeli plans to divert waters of the Jordan River into the coastal plain in 1964. They were lead by Syria and Lebanon and feared an Israeli plan cut water supplies to Jordan. It had degenerated in to a unofficial border war in 1966.

Egypt massed its army near the border with Israel, expelled UN peacekeepers that were stationed in the Sinai Peninsula since 1957 and blocked Israel's access to the Red Sea in the May of 1967. Lebanon, Jordan, Syria and Iraq then mobilised their forces. Israel retaliated with a pre-emptive strike (Operation Focus) against Egypt in June, so Jordan, Syria and Iraq attacked Israel in revenge, kicking go the 1967 In the 1967 Six-Day War and subsequent 1967–1970 War of Attrition. Neither Israel or Egypt bothered to listen to Turkish peace proposals.

The USS Liberty incident was an attack on a United States Navy technical research ship (an undercover spy ship), USS Liberty, by Israeli Air Force jet fighter aircraft and Israeli Navy motor torpedo boats, on 8 June 1967. Israel captured the Sini Peninsular and West Bank (from Jordan) and east Jerusalem (from Jordan) in the east, and the Gaza Strip (From Egypt) in the southwest, as well as the Golan Heights (from Syria) in the northeast.

Egypt and Syria lost the 1967 Six-Day War due to there pathetic Soviet thought tactics, unlike the Jordanians, who lost due to lack of numbers rather than any fault with there British taught tactics. Iraq and Lebanon only played a minor anti-Israeli role in the war. The USSR and Czechoslovakia also gave weapons to Egypt and the UK gave arms to Israel. After the war the Arab League met in Khartoum to sing an anti-Israel treaty and created "The Three Noes", Khartoum Resolution, 1967.

"No peace with Israel, No negotiation with Israel, No recognition of Israel."

The Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine also formed in 1967.

Middle Eastern and N. African stances on the war Six Days War[]

  • Egypt: Led the Arab coalition; mobilized troops in Sinai, expelled UN peacekeepers, and blockaded the Straits of Tiran.
  • Syria: Fought Israel on the Golan Heights; heavily bombarded Israeli settlements before and during the war.
  • Transjordan: Entered the war after signing a defence pact with Egypt; lost the West Bank and East Jerusalem.
  • Iraq: Sent troops and aircraft to support Jordan and Syria, though its role was limited compared to frontline states.
  • Lebanon: Provided limited support; did not engage militarily.
  • Saudi Arabia: Sent symbolic forces and offered financial support, but did not fight directly.
  • Kuwait: Offered financial aid and political backing to Arab states.
  • Algeria: Sent arms and expressed strong solidarity with Egypt and Syria.
  • Libya: Provided financial support and condemned Israel.
  • Sudan: Supported the Arab cause politically and diplomatically.
  • Tunisia and Morocco: Expressed solidarity but did not participate militarily.
  • S. Yemen and N. Yemen: Supported the Arab coalition politically, with limited capacity for military involvement.
  • Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, United Arab Emirates were then part of the British protectorate of the Trucial States an so these Gulf states were not yet independent or militarily active, but did expressed solidarity with the Arab cause.
  • Turkey: Maintained a neutral stance. As a NATO member, it did not participate and urged restraint.
  • Persia: Under Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Iran maintained diplomatic relations with Israel and did not support the Arab coalition.

1971-1990[]

Black September massacred several Israeli athletes at the 1972 Summer Olympics in Munich, W. Germany and later launched an attack on the PLO headquarters in Lebanon, possibly with some W. German anti-Semite collusion. An airliner was later hijacked in flight from Israel to France by Palestinian terrorists and later Israeli commandos rescued 102 of 106 Israeli hostages in the July of 1976.

A nuclear cooperation agreement was singed between France and Iraq 1975.

Menachem Begin and Sadat and Begin signed the Camp David Accords (1978) and the Egypt–Israel peace treaty (1979 in return for Israel withdrew from the Sinai Peninsula and negotiations over autonomy for Palestinians in the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.

The PLO raid from Lebanon on 11 March 1978, led to the Coastal Road Massacre. Israel responded by launching an invasion of southern Lebanon to destroy PLO bases. At the same time for Israelis began to settle in the occupied West Bank and thus badly upsetting Palestinians on the West Bank.

Hamas was formed in 1987 and The PLO was soon were soon eclipsed by Hamas in Palestinian domestic politics, especially in the Gaza Strip.

The 1980 Jerusalem Law annexed Jerusalem to Israel and he Golan Heights were annexed in 1981 Israel effectively annexed the Golan Heights, but the UN Security Council declaring both the Jerusalem Law and the Golan Heights Law null and void to global acclaimed. A steady flow of Soviet Refusenik Jews in the 1970s and 1980s, several waves of Ethiopian Jews immigrated to Israel since the 1980s, while between 1990 and 1994, and Jewish immigration from the post-Soviet states steadily increased Israel's population.

On 7 June 1981, during the Iran–Iraq War, the Israeli air force destroyed Iraq's sole nuclear reactor, the partly built French made Osirak (AKA: Tammuz) nuclear reactor, in Operation Opera in the hope of stopping Iraqi nuclear weapons programme. Iraq also imported uranium from countries like Portugal (refused), Niger (agreed), and Brazil (reluctantly agreed to part of it), and sought additional nuclear technology from Italy (refused).

Following a series of PLO terror attacks in 1982, Israel invaded Lebanon to destroy the PLO bases and later laying siege to Bourj el-Barajneh and it's refugee camp.

The peace deal soon collapsed as a Israeli fascist assassinated Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat died old age in 2004. Israel and Jordan singed a formal peace treaty in 1994. Israel later clashed with Hezbollah Lebanese portion of Ghajar village between 2006-2007. Since the late 2010s Hamas (in the West Bank) the and and the Israeli far-right have torn both Palestine and Israel apart in near constant warfare there after.

Israel war rocked by several PLO attacks in 1982, Israel, so Israel invaded Lebanon, crushing the military forces of the PLO and the Syrians forces in Lebanon in just 6 days, as well as the simultaneous Sabra and Shatila massacre. Thy would stay most of Lebanon untill 1886 and in southern Lebanon untill 2000 due to continued conflict with Hezbollah.

A bloody Palestinian uprising against Israeli rule, known as The First Intifada broke out across the the occupied West Bank and Gaza in 1987. It would las for 6 years.

1991-1992[]

During the 1991 Gulf War Saddam Hussein ordered Iraqi missile attacks against Israel in a filed attempt to draw them in to the war. Iraq was a PLO ally.

Yitzhak Rabin became prime minister in 1992 following an election in which his party called for compromise with Israel's neighbours singed the Oslo Accords with the PLO leader, Yasser Arafat, in 1993. Israel and Jordan singed a formal peace treaty in 1994.

The peace deal soon collapsed as a Israeli fascist assassinated Yitzhak Rabin and Yasser Arafat died old age in 2004. Israel later clashed with Hezbollah Lebanese portion of Ghajar village between 2006-2007. Since the late 2010s Hamas (in the Gaza Strip) and and the Israeli far-right have torn both Palestine and Israel apart in near constant warfare there after. The USA backs Israel and Iran backs Hamas as of 2025.

Palestine was a partially recognized country in Israel. Palestine is split into two parts. The West Bank and the Gaza Strip, also known as just Gaza.

Israel and Palestine have been begged repeatedly not to kill each other.

Health care[]

It was on par with Western Europe by 1990.

Defence[]

The main arms suppliers war the USA, UK, France and Israel's own military-industrial complex after the mid 1970s. France and the UK wanted to counter Arab nationalism, Ba'thisum, Iranian terrorism and Soviet influence in the Middle East. The Americans mostly supported hard core Zionism and destroying Iran.

Government[]

.

Politics[]

.

Energy[]

.

Foreign Policy[]

It was generally anti-Arab and anti-communist.

Economy[]

The natural resources are natural gas, oil shales, groundwater, copper, phosphate, limestone, dolomite, sand, clay, uranium , phosphorus-phosphates, salt and fluorine-fluorite, copper and magnesite.

.

Religion[]

The Tower of David (Hebrew: מגדל דוד, romanized: Migdál Davíd), also known as the Citadel (Arabic: القلعة, romanized: al-Qalʿa), is an ancient citadel and contemporary museum, located near the Jaffa Gate entrance to the Old City of Jerusalem. It was built in the 5th Century and added to by the Mamluk and Ottoman periods.

The Western Wall (Hebrew: הַכּוֹתֶל הַמַּעֲרָבִי, romanized: HaKotel HaMa'aravi, lit. 'the western wall'; pronunciationⓘ; Ashkenazi Hebrew pronunciation: HaKosel HaMa'arovi) is an ancient retaining wall of the built-up hill known to Jews and Christians as the Temple Mount of Jerusalem. Its most famous section, known by the same name, often shortened by Jews to the Kotel or Kosel, is known in the West as the Wailing Wall, and in Arab world and Islamic world as the Buraq Wall (Arabic: حَائِط ٱلْبُرَاق, romanized: Ḥā'iṭ al-Burāq; ['ħaːʔɪtˤ albʊ'raːq]). It is a key Jewish relgiose site in Israel.

The Aqsa Mosque, also known as the Qibli Mosque or Qibli Chapel,[b] is the main congregational mosque or prayer hall in the Al-Aqsa mosque compound in the Old City of Jerusalem. In some sources the building is also named al-Masjid al-Aqṣā, but this name primarily applies to the whole compound in which the building sits, which is itself also known as "Al-Aqsa Mosque". The wider compound is known as Al-Aqsa or Al-Aqsa mosque compound, also known as al-Ḥaram al-Sharīf.

This article lists the gates of the Old City of Jerusalem. The gates are visible on most old maps of Jerusalem over the last 1,500 years. The seven gates at the time of Suleiman were, clockwise and by their current name: the Damascus Gate; Herod's Gate; Lions' Gate; Golden Gate; Dung Gate; Zion Gate; and Jaffa Gate. With the re-sealing of the Golden Gate by Suleiman, the number of operational gates was only brought back to seven in 1887, with the addition of the New Gate. Until 1887, each gate was closed before sunset and opened at sunrise.

The Cave of the Patriarchs or Tomb of the Patriarchs, known to Jews by its Biblical name Cave of Machpelah (Biblical Hebrew: מְעָרַת הַמַּכְפֵּלָה, romanized: Məʿāraṯ hamMaḵpēlāⓘ, lit. 'Cave of the Double') and to Muslims as the Ibrahami Mosque (Arabic: المسجد الإبراهيمي, romanized: al-Masjid al-ʾibrāhīmī), or Sanctuary of Ibrahim (Arabic: الحرم الإبراهيمي, romanized: al-Ḥaram al-ʾibrāhīmīⓘ), is a series of caves situated in the heart of the Old City of Hebron in the West Bank, 30 kilometres (19 mi) south of Jerusalem. According to the Abrahamic religions, the cave and adjoining field were purchased by Abraham as a burial plot, although most historians believe the Abraham-Isaac-Jacob narrative to be primarily mythological. The site is considered a holy place in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam.

The Tomb of the Matriarchs in Tiberias, Israel, is the traditional burial place of several Biblical women:

  • Bilhah, handmaid of Rachel
  • Zilpah, handmaid of Leah
  • Jochebed, mother of Moses
  • Zipporah, wife of Moses
  • Elisheba, wife of Aaron
  • Abigail, one of King David's wives

The marble structure beside a modern apartment building block is surrounded by a stone wall.

he Jerusalem Great Synagogue is located at 56 King George Street in Jerusalem. The Old City of Jerusalem is a 0.35 sq mi walled area in East Jerusalem.

Israeli Druze or Druze Israelis are an ethno-religious minority among the Arab citizens of Israel. They maintain Arabic language and culture as integral parts of their identity, and Arabic is their primary language.

Bethlehem is a city in the West Bank, Palestine, located about ten kilometres (six miles) south of Jerusalem and has a large Christian community. The Christian populatin is in decline due to Jewish and Muslim persecution.

Demographics[]

Israeli Americans are Americans who are of full or partial Israeli descent. In this category, are those who are Israelis through nationality and/or citizenship. Reflecting Israel's demographics, while the vast majority of the Israeli American populace is Jewish, it is also made up of various ethnic and religious minorities; most notably the ethnic Arab minority, which includes Christians, Druzes, and Muslims, as well as the smaller non-Arab minority ethnic groups.

Israeli Druze or Druze Israelis are an ethno-religious minority among the Arab citizens of Israel. They maintain Arabic language and culture as integral parts of their identity, and Arabic is their primary language.

Jerusalem would become the capital city of Israel, replacing Tele-Aviv in the early 2020s. In accordance with the law, Israel's government institutions reside in Jerusalem: the Knesset (Hebrew: "gathering," "assembly") the Supreme Court, the President's Residence, the Prime Minister's House, the national headquarters of the police and most of the government offices. Jerusalem is located in the Judean Mountains, on the national watershed of the Land of Israel, between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea. The Jerusalem Great Synagogue is located at 56 King George Street in Jerusalem. The Old City of Jerusalem is a 0.35 sq mi walled area in East Jerusalem. In a tradition that may have begun with an 1840s British map of the city, the Old City is divided into four uneven quarters: The Muslim Quarter, the Christian Quarter, the Armenian Quarter, and the Jewish Quarter. A fifth area, the Temple Mount, known to Muslims as Al-Aqsa or Haram al-Sharif, is home to the Dome of the Rock, the Al-Aqsa Mosque, and was once the site of the Jewish Temple.

Sakyah (or Sakiyah) is a town in Palestine. The name sakyah is Arabic and means the place where water is available to the public by means of an old technology, which depends on an animal's force in particular to pull out water from the deep ground.

The costal city of Tel Aviv, officially Tel Aviv-Yafo, was the Cold War era capital of Israel.

Bethlehem is a city in the West Bank, Palestine, located about ten kilometres (six miles) south of Jerusalem and has a large Christian community. The Christian populatin is in decline due to Jewish and Muslim persecution.

Radio Kol Israel[]

Kol Yisrael or Kol Israel (קול ישראל‎, lit. "Voice of Israel"; also Israel Radio) was Israel's public domestic and international radio service. It operated as a division of the Israel Broadcasting Service from 1951 to 1965, and later the Israel Broadcasting Authority (IBA) from 1965 to 2017. Following the IBA's closure, the radio stations it used to administer are currently operated by the Israeli Public Broadcasting Corporation.

El Al Israel Airlines Ltd.[]

El Al Israel Airlines Ltd. (Hebrew: אל על נתיבי אוויר לישראל בע״מ), trading as El Al (Hebrew: אל על, "Upwards", "To the Skies", or "Skywards", stylized as ELעל‎ALאל‎; Arabic: إل-عال) is the flag carrier of the State of Israel. Since its inaugural flight from Geneva to Tel Aviv in September 1948, the airline has grown to serve almost 50 destinations, operating scheduled domestic and international services and cargo flights within Israel, and to Europe, the Middle East, the Americas, Africa, and the Far East, from its main base in Ben Gurion Airport

Also see[]

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