Jebel Akhdar War

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Nizwa Fort in the interior of Oman attacked by British RAF fighter jets during Jebel Akhdar War — Nizwa Fort in the interior of Oman was attacked by British Royal Air Force fighter jets during Jebel Akhdar War on the 1st of January, 1958. Author: An unknown UK or Omani author.

Regiones petroleras - Medio Oriente — Oil and gas fields in the Levant, Egypt and the Persian Gulf.

Background[]

Oman had been a Islamic state for over around 1,200 years and did not do much other than gain near independence from Muscat in 1783 after Ahmed bin Sa'id Al Busaidi expelled the Persian colonists from both nations. He elected Imam of Oman, with Rustaq as the Immanate's capital. A war with Muscat in the 19th Century and the subsequent semi-union with it that came after the war. The Muscat rebellion was a German supported uprising in 1913 led by Sālim bin Rāshid al-Kharūṣī that lead to the de facto independence of the Ibāḍī Imamate of Oman. Under the terms of the 1920 Agreement of Al-Sīb, created as a result of the 1913 rebellion formal autonomy was officially given to the Immanate. Oil was found in Oman in 1937.

Growing religious, economic and political tensions between the Immanate of Oman and the Sultanat of Muscat over the last 100 years had lead to tension between both of them. Oil exploration in the 1930s and recent regional neglect of Oman's needs by Muscat since about 1900 had reach boiling point by the 1950s.

Muscat, Oman and several minor Yemeni states like the Emirate of Beihan (founded in 1680) and the Kathiri State of Seiyun (founded in 1395) were all brought both willingly and unwillingly in to British control. The British singed several unfair treaties with Oman and Muscat including the De facto annexation of Omani Kuria Muria islands in the 19th Century. The UK, Muscat and Oman became friends in the middle of the 18th Century, but Oman and Muscat only being used after the turn of the 19th century. After WW1 N. Yemen became an the independent Kingdom of Yemen and the British holdings in Arabia began to think about independence from the British Empire after WW2, which the British did not want to happen in the strategy important Colony of Aden, Oman or the Trucial States. Oman was a underdeveloped nation that existed only because of British aid and protection.

The Sultan was a British supported traditionalist absolute monarch that banned things that he considered "decadent", opposed national development, ruled with a iron fist opposed any form of criticism of his rule.

Saudi Arabian political intrigue[]

Prior to 1954, there was a dispute between the Sultanate of Muscat and Kingdom Saudi Arabia over the ownership of the Buraimi Oasis in the Imanate of Oman, an area which was known to have oil reserves. After the 1953 seizure of the Buraimi Oasis by Saudi Arabia, Muscat and Oman were afraid of Saudi encroachments on themselves and the Trucial States. In the October of 1957, The United Kingdom captured the the Buraimi Oasis and gave it to Muscat.

The war it's self[]

The Jebel Akhdar War of the 1950s was a war of union in the nation that is today's Oman and an oil war as far as the UK was concerned. The sultan tried to manipulate the tribal politics of the interior of Oman, the Hinawis and Ghafiris, the latter he tried to win over in 1937.

Muscat was planning to annex Oman since 1945 and oil companies were test drilling in Oman during the 1950s.

The Imamate of Oman was supported by Egypt, Iraq and Saudi Arabia. Both pro-Soviet Egypt and pro-American\British Saudi Arabia also wanted to appear to be the dominant political power in the Arab World during the Cold War.

The British helped the Sultan's forces and several oil companies supported his plans to defeat the Imanate. Colonel David Smiley reorganised and retrained the Sultan's antiquated army. Baluchi and Arab soldiers were mixed to prevent defections, but it also lead to language problems and Oman's Dhofar were regarded as inferior by the Omani and Trucial States Arabs. The British government later extended its military aid attaching British armed forces to the Omani armed forces in 1957.

The last and decisive of offensive of 1959 resulted in the deaths of 13 of the Omani state\Sultan's Armed Forces and British personnel, and 176 Omanis from the interior\the Immanate in the final month of fighting.

At the UN[]

It was of great concern at the UN and the UK was

Aftermath[]

Oman was finally annexed by Muscat in the Jebel Akhdar War of the 1950s, it led to the creation of Muscat and Oman and the Oman.

Also see[]

Omani Empire
Sultanate of Zanzibar
Sultanate of Muscat and Oman\Muscat and Oman
Sultanate of Oman\Oman
Omani territory of Madha
Musandam Governorate of Oman
North Yemen-South Yemen Border Conflict of 1972
Oman, UAE and Yemen Cold War conflicts